; Describe file for El Aurens -- Copyright (c) 2004 Dave Wylie
;
;
;Ultimate Civ II - Civilopedia Descriptions Text File -- Copyright (c) 1997 MicroProse Software, Inc. 
;

@ADVANCE_DESCRIPTIONS
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Amphibious Warfare will be the 55th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@ADVANCE_INDEX
-1,			; AFl = Tech Beyond Reach
1,			; Alp = Akabas Capture
2,			; Amp = Canal Defence
3,			; Ast = El Aurens
4,			; Ato = Imperial Camel Cps
5,			; Aut = Colonial Empire
6,			; Ban = Lt Car Patrols
7,			; Bri = Bridging Train
8,			; Bro = Archibald Murray
9,			; Cer = Islamic Reform
10,			; Che = Dt Franais
11,			; Chi = Euphrates Force
12,			; CoL = Mtr BranchMGCEEF
-1,			; CA  = No no
-1,			; Cmb = Rare Improvements 	
15,			; Cmn = Basic Improvements
16,			; Cmp = Euphrates Lt RW
17,			; Csc = No Reinforcements
18,			; Cst = Egypt Dir of Lab
19,			; Cor = Askeri Demiryolu
3,			; Cur = Gonsool Shayk Speer
-1,			; Dem	= Not used (Dem)
22,			; Eco = Camel Transpt Cps
23,			; E1  = E Tank Company
24,			; E2  = Protectorate Status
25,			; Eng = Army Service Cps
26,			; Env = Not used (Env)
27,			; Esp = 4th Lt Horse Bde
28,			; Exp = 5th Lt Horse Bde
29,			; Feu = 75th Infantry
30,			; Fli = Desert Mtd Corps
31,			; Fun = Young Turk Rev
32,			; FP  = ASC Mtr Transport
33,			; Gen = No More Turks
34,			; Gue = Mrettep Livalar
35,			; Gun	= Egyptian EF
36,			; Hor = No More Ikhawan	
37,			; Ind = Khamsin	
38,			; Inv = Aleppos Capture
39,			; Iro = EEF Eastern Force
40,			; Lab = AE Condominium
41,			; Las	= Tender in Antalya
42,			; Ldr = N Hejaz Mission
43,			; Lit = Gazas Capture
44,			; Too = RFC Upgrades
45,			; Mag = 60th London
46,			; Map = Reg Arab Army
-1,			; Mas = Not used (Mas)
48,			; MP  = S Hejaz Mission
49,			; Mat = Rabeghs Capture
50,			; Med = LahoreMeerut Divs
-1,			; Met = Not used (Met)
52,			; Min = 40th Army Wing
53,			; Mob = WF Withdrawal Order
-1,			; Mon = Not used (Mon)
55,			; MT  = Islam
56,			; Mys = Sanussi Tariqa
-1,			; Nav = Not used (Nav)
-1,			; NF  = Not used (NF)
59,			; NP  = IJN Med Sqn
60,			; Phi = Arab Bureau
61,			; Phy = 12 Mtd Divs
62,			; Pla	= Jewish Legion
-1,			; Plu	= Not used (Plu)
64,			; PT  = Indianised Divs
65,			; Pot = No More Muhafizia
66,			; Rad = An Arab Revolt
67,			; RR  = Trans-Sinai Rwy
68,			; Rec = Trench Mortars
69,			; Ref = 1918 Ordnance Plan
70,			; Rfg = The Bull
71,			; Rep = Grand Sanussi
72,			; Rob = Meccas Capture
73,			; Roc = Arty from Taif
74,			; San = Siwas Capture
3,			; Sea = Syrian Gates
76,			; SFl = Wejhs Capture
77,			; Sth = EEF Recontruction
78,			; SE  = Audas Irregulars
79,			; Stl = CSIC near Bardia
80,			; Sup = El Arishs Capture
3,			; Tac = Abram and Moses
82,			; The = The Caliph
83,			; ToG = Victor Emmanuel III	
-1,			; Tra = Not used (Tra)
85,			; Uni = Jerusalems Capture
-1,			; War = Not used (War)
-1,			; Whe = Not used (Whe)
88,			; Wri = Damascus Capture
89,			; ... = Supply Column N&
-1,			; U1 = Allied Units
-1,			; U2 = Not used (U2)
-1,			; U3 = Turk Units
-1,			; X1 = Arab Replacements
94,			; X2 = 3nci Piade Firka
95,			; X3 = Exp Korps Pascha I
96,			; X4 = Hiaz KS
97,			; X5 = Autokolonne Turkei
98,			; X6 = Flieger Abw Kanone
99,			; X7 = Adwar Bands
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Tech Beyond Reach /AFl

This advance is the prequisite for many advances not intended for research.  Its own prequisites are no, no.
 
@@Akabas Capture /Alp

EFFECT: This reinforcement, 1 EA Infantry unit, appears when Akaba is captured by the Allies for the first time.  

DESCRIPTION: Fearful of trading one master for another, the revolting Arabs were always wary of their British allies.  At times Arab forces needed stiffening by Western-trained troops and equipment.  They grudgingly accepted colonial muslim troops such as Egyptians.  With its capture, Akaba became the major supply port for the North Arab Army.  With the influx of ships came a requirement for a stable garrison.  An Egyptian infantry battalion filled the role.
                                                     ~~
@@Canal Defence /Amp
DESPATCH N III.
Army Headquarters, Cairo.
1st March, 1916.

My Lord,I have the honour to submit this report on Military Affairs in the Egyptian Command...

 Suez Canal Zone.

The duty of guarding the Suez Canal was allotted to the Indian Expeditionary Force E under the command of Major-General Sir A. Wilson, K.C.B. This force was gradually reduced by calls on it for 
					                 
other theatres.... 

To this force fell the tiresome and onerous duty throughout the entire summer of exercising ceaseless vigilance over the 100 miles of Canal front. Great credit is due for the way this duty was performed; indifferent troops would have been demoralised. Though small bodies of the enemy were constantly endeavouring, occasionally with success, to place mines in the Canal or damage the railway, yet no accident of importance occurred except that one merchant ship, the s.s. Teresias, struck a mine. She fortunately escaped with but little damage. The passage of the Canal was interrupted on this one occasion for only a 
					                 
few hours....

I have the honour to be,
Your Lordships obedient Servant,
J. G. MAXWELL, General,
Commanding the Force in Egypt.

                                                     ~~



@@El Aurens /Ast

Not currently used, but may be used with future alternative variants.

                                                     ~~

@@Imperial Camel Cps /Ato
EFFECT: Granted immediately upon the completion of the Camel Transport Dept.  This reinforcement upgrades the Imperial Mtd Camel Corps Bn to a Camel Corps Bde (i.e. expanded from battalion to brigade).  

DESCRIPTION: 
The Imperial Camel Corps was established in early 1916, largely from troops which had served in Gallipoli. The Dept was at Abbassia, near Cairo. It consisted of 4 battalions (which made up a Brigade commanded by Brigadier General C L Smith VC), each made up of 4 companies (each with a complement of 6 officers and 169 other ranks). The 1st and 3rd Battalions were Australian (mainly from the Australian 
					                 
Light Horse), the 4th Battalion had 2 Australian companies and 2 made up of men from the New Zealand Mounted Rifles. The 2nd Battalion consisted of British soldiers, primarily from Yeomanry Regiments - there were 6 British companies although only 4 would serve with the 2nd Battalion at any one time. Artillery was provided by the Hong Kong and Singapore Mountain Battery (composed of Indian troops) and the Brigade also had the usual medical, supply and veterinary units. The Imperial Camel Corps had a mounted infantry role; the camels provided mobility although it was intended that the troops should go into action dismounted (camel and rider were regarded as a self-contained unit for up to five days). In mid 1918 most of the 
					                 
Battalions were disbanded, but the 2nd Battalion was not formally disbanded until May 1919, and maintained an important patrolling role up to the end of the War. The Imperial Camel Corps Memorial (a camelier mounted on a camel) sculpted by Major Cecil Brown was unveiled in 1921 in the Victoria Embankment Gardens in London. It commemorates the 346 members of the Corps who died.

Imperial War Museum
Department of Printed Books
Recommended Reading List (No. 321)
                                                     ~~
@@Colonial Empire /Aut

    The British Empire spanned the globe.  Its keystone was India, a source of immense trade and raw materials.  During the Great War, the various colonies and autonomous former colonies supplied large numbers of troops toward the Allied cause.  India mobilised the worlds largest volunteer army with troops serving in almost every theatre.  Also supplying troops whose contribution far outweighed their numbers, were Australia and New Zealand.  Troops from these lands, as well as food oil, and textiles from the East all had to pass through the Suez Canal.
                                                     ~~

@@Lt Car Patrols /Ban
EFFECT: When the War Office grants this request, 3 Ford Lt Cars units join the EEF.

DESCRIPTION: Light Car Patrols (LCP) served as the eyes for the EEF.  These units were too small and light to fight entrenched Turks, but they performed admirably as pathfinders to exploit breaches.  Their ground-breaking role, however, was in the Western Desert, where they outmaneuvered the camel-riding Sanussi.  Eventually, 7 of the 9 patrols mobilised for the EEF served in the Western Desert, patrolling and surveying.  In this role, they were the forerunners of the Long-
Range Desert Group who performed the same function 24 years later.  
                                                     ~~
@@Bridging Train /Bri

EFFECT: Enables the building of Light Rwy and Std Gge Rwy across dry wadis.  It is not required for bridges across rivers, but bridges over permanent rivers already require several turns to build.

DESCRIPTION: Several wadis (river beds) drain the Sinai in times of high water.  Mostly dry throughout the year, these can be rapidly flooded.  After the Sudan campaign of 1897, in which two weeks work was washed away in hours, British rail engineers learned to respect the destructive potential of flooding wadis.

                                                     ~~
@@Sir Archibald Murray /Bro

General Murray was a capable logistician who was appointed to positions for which he was ill-suited early in the war.  His tenure in France as Chief of Staff to General French, CiC of the BEF, in August 1914, was not noted for its success.  He was soon removed from the front to the Imperial General Staff (IGS).  By the end of 1915, he was relieved as Chief, IGS, and given command of the EEF.  In this position, he ably oversaw the building the trans-Sinai railroad and water pipeline, but he failed to dislodge the Turks at Gaza.  He also misled his superiors about his lack of success until it became painfully obvious.  Two defeats at Gaza ended any chance of capturing Palestine without a major commitment.  His army demoralised, he was 
					                 
replaced with a more determined fighter, Edmund Allenby, and served in a ceremonial position until his retirement.
                                                     ~~








@@Islamic Reform /Cer

The history of Islam has been marked by several reform movements.  Of direct interest to this campaign was the Sanussi Sufi brotherhood of the Sahara.  No other group has had such a profound effect on life in the Western Desert as the Sanussi C. Vivian.  Fundamentalist and isolationist, the Sanussi defined a sect not a country.  They were fiercely independent in the remote oases of the Sahara, but the proximity and ambitions of the Italians in Libya and British in Egypt made conflict inevitable.

                                                     ~~
@@Dt Franais /Che

EFFECT: Given to the Allies after the Sykes-Picot Agreement is signed (built), this triggers the arrival of the Dtachment Franais de Palestine et Syrie (3 Tirailleurs).

DESCRIPTION: Competing with the British for influence in the Hejaz, but completely outspent and outmaneuvered, the French deployed a small detachment in support of Hussein.  Never larger than a battalion, the detachment provided some sorely needed artillery support.  Hussein trusted the French no more than the British, and his son Feisal desperately attempted to wrest postwar control of Damascus from them.
					                 
On the main front, the Dtachment Franais de Palestine et Syrie was a symbolic contribution to the EEF.  The British were not eager to have a larger contingent, but then the French were unable to provide one.  It was just large enough to allow the French to show the flag in their sphere of influence as negotiated in the Sykes-Picot Agreement.  Half of the detachment was a regiment of Algerian Tirailleurs.  The other half was formed from Armenians (Legion dOrient) and Syrians.

One of the greatest tragedies of the war with the Turks was the appalling number of civilian casualties.  Although many ethnic groups became victims, the Armenians were particularly decimated.  Prior to 
					                 
the war, they formed 30-40% of the population of several cities in Anatolia.  By 1918, that number dropped to under 5%.  Neither 
Turk nor Muslim, the Armenians were not in majority anywhere in the Ottoman Empire.  They suffered under Turk rule from 1894 onwards.  In 1914, Armenian subjects allied themselves with the invading Russians.  This provoked a widespread merciless punitive reaction by the Turks that involved deportation or conscription into slave labor battalions, both of which frequently amounted to death sentences.  The Armenians themselves were not always innocent victims, and they too committed atrocities against Azeris and Turks.

					                 
It was no surprise, therefore, that given the slightest chance, Armenians deserted.  These soldiers, together with American emigrants, formed the Legion dOrient, which fought the Turks in Palestine, forming half of the Dt Franais PS.

                                                     ~~





@@Euphrates Force /Chi 

EFFECT: By granting this request, the War Office orders the Euphrates Force of the MEF to secure the western desert flanks of the MEF near Baghdad and the EEF in Palestine.  The 15th Indian Infantry division (1 IA Regulars, 2 IA Recruits) supported by cavalry (1 IA Lancers) and armoured cars (3 Rolls Royce AC) appears on the Euphrates in the NE corner of the map.  It represents a sure means to capture the Iraki Oilfields special objective in Khan Baghdadi.

DESCRIPTION: A major underlying motivation behind the Eastern strategy was the advantage it gave to Britains postwar colonial position.  The value of the automobile, airplane, and the oil-fired 
					                 
warship all dictated that an oil supply must be secured.  Promised to France by the Sykes-Picot agreement, the Mosul oilfields were a known rich source.  The British sought to establish a to render Sykes-Picot obsolete with a fact on the ground by occupying the city before the Armistice.  The ploy succeeded, and Mosul became part of the British Protectorate of Iraq.  The oil flowed, but in a lesson apt for today, resentful Iraqis fought a long guerrilla campaign against the British.  Still, Iraqi oil fueled the Allies not the Axis during WWII.

                                                     ~~

@@Mtr BranchMGCEEF /CoL

The Machine Gun Corps was created in late 1915 to improve the use of machine guns in the British Army.  Initially, it was composed of infantry, cavalry, and motor branches, but after a year the heavy branch (forerunner of the Royal Tank Corps) was added.  The motor branch absorbed units of the Royal Artillerys Motor Machine Gun Service to field motorcycle batteries, light car patrols (LCP), and light armoured car batteries (LAMB).  In all 6 LAMBs, 9 LCPs, and a single motorcycle battery served with the EEF.  

                                                     ~~
@@Not used (CA) /CA

Not used

xxx
Veterinary Dept 
EFFECT: By granting this request, the War Office enables the building of the Camel Dept improvement.  Upon the completion of the first one, 3 Imperial CC units are created in Cairo.  Building more Camel Depts has no further benefit.

DESCRIPTION: The camels provided the vital link between Sinai railheads and the front line, and were used in massive numbers (>20,000).  This required an extensive breeding program centered in Camel Depts.

Faced with an enemy in the Western Desert, the Allies also used camels to form a camel corps.  Initially only a battalion, it was expanded until at its peak it possessed 10 Australian, 2 New Zealand, and 4 British companies.  Once the campaign advanced into Palestine, the camels were less useful, and all but the British contingent were remounted on horses.  The remaining units supported Arab efforts in Arabia and Syria, usually with independent actions to minimise contact between the mistrustful allies.

xxx
CS Italiano
EFFECT: By granting this request, the Italian government authorises the transfer of the CS Italiano to Egypt.

DESCRIPTION: The Italian politicians were eager to make a symbolic contribution to this theatre, so that they could strengthen their postwar aims in acquiring the Dodecanese Islands and parts of SW Anatolia.  Italian generals were very reluctant to deploy any troops outside of the main Italian theatre.  As a result, only a small contingent was transferred, growing to a brigade only in the last month of the war.  Ambitiously called the Corpo di Spedizione Italiano per la Siria e la Palestina.

xxx
Sinai Water Pipe
Armies fighting in the desert have to take everything with them.  The Turks tried the shoestring approach, and launched their division-sized attacks on the canal with forces deficient in artillery.  In contrast, the EEF crossed the Sinai with 3 corps backed by ample artillery.  The only way to support a large advance across the Sinai was to build a railroad and a parallel 10 water pipe.  In the game, this is the prerequisite for building Standard Gauge Railroads (0mf) and Marshalling Yards.

xxx
Turk Replacements 
EFFECT: Allows the Turks to create Suriyeler and Artillery.

DESCRIPTION: After Gaza, the Turks gave the Palestinian theatre the highest priority over the Thrace, Caucasus and Mesopotamia.

xxx

DESCRIPTION: Darfur, home of the Fur people, was a remote western province of the Sudan.  The sultan of Darfur, ali Dinar, became increasingly antagonistic toward the government in Khartoum.  A threat to the rear of the British facing the Turks across the Suez, the Fur had to be neutralised.  With no Western troops available, an expeditionary force was formed from 18 companies of the Egyptian Army.  The real achievement of this campaign lay not so much in military success against a ferocious but primitive opposition, but in overcoming immense logistical obstacles.  Ali Dinars capital at al Fasher lay almost 1,000km from the Nile -D. Nicolle.  Once the sultan was eliminated, raiding by the Fur ceased, releasing a few Egyptian Army units stationed in the Sudan for garrison duty in Egypt.

xxx
The Australian Waler was a hardy horse that simply outclassed mounts from other countries.  Indeed, there were instances where Australian Light Horse units marched and fought for 72 hours without stopping at wells.  At times the pace of the ALH advance exceeded the pace of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941.

Overall, Imperial cavalry learned much from its abysmal performance (particularly from the horses viewpoint) in the Boer War.  It had transformed into what was arguably the premier cavalry of all time.

xxx
10th Irish Infantry Division
EFFECT: By granting this request, the War Office enables the creation of 4 British Inf and 1 RFA (Inf) units in Egypt.

DESCRIPTION: Formed in Ireland as part of the first wave of Kitchener divisions, this division, unlike other divisions recruited at this time, had the good fortune of not being used in the slaughter known as the Battle of the Somme.  It did, however, fight Turks at Gallipoli and malaria at Salonika.  It served in Palestine from late 1917 to the end.

xxx
Spearpoint Pumps
Before the advent of mechanised warfare, water was the single greatest requirement for an army in the desert.  A decisive Australian innovation was the spearpoint pump. This was a simple device introduced by Lieutenant Colonel L.C. Wilson, of the 5th Light Horse Regiment, who had seen them used in Queensland before the war. A spearpoint pump was a 2.5-inch (6.35 cm) steel tube with a solid point at one end and a section with holes covered by wire gauze to keep out the sand. The spearpoint was driven into the ground with a sledgehammer or a makeshift pile driver (Mallett).  This effective device allowed ALH patrols to venture further from established wells.

@@Rare Improvements /Cmb 

Prerequisite for all unbuildable city improvements.  Cannot request this.

                                                     ~~

@@Basic Improvements /Cmn

Prerequisite for some common city improvements.  Given at start to most nations.

                                                     ~~

@@Euphrates Lt RW /Cmp

Not currently used, but may be used with future alternative variants.

                                                     ~~

@@No Reinforcements /Csc

This is a prequisite for Arms Shipment N 1, a means for earning points in this scenario.

                                                     ~~

@@Egypt Dir of Lab /Cst
The Egyptian Directorate of Labour recruited large numbers of workers to serve in the Egyptian Labour Corps and Camel Transport Companies, peaking in 1918 at 270,000 6-month contracts.  These were organised into single- and double-companies for work in Egypt, the Sinai, Palestine, France, Mesopotamia, and Salonika.  

Generally, ELC units in the Near East performed well with minimal European supervision.  In Europe, the conditions were more dangerous and harsh.  Labour unrest occurred in Egypt in 1915 and France in 1917.

Recruitment was resented.  In semi-feudal Egypt, local governments 
					                 
often resorted to a corve to meet recruiting quotas.  Up to 200 Egyptian police died from recruiting incidents (Goldberg).   Frequently, contracts were neither well-explained nor assiduously honoured.  The resulting animosity from this and other wartime practices (e.g. cotton and fodder requisitions at sub-market prices) eventually erupted in the revolt in 1919 that led to Egyptian independence.

 Peasants in Revolt - Egypt 1919.  Ellis Goldberg.  Int. J. Middle East Studies, 24:261-280 (1992).
                                                     ~~
@@ Askeri Demiryolu /Cor

Turkish for Railway Engineers, the Askeri Demiryolu were organised into Dept regiments to maintain Ottoman railways.  On several occasions these engineers fought as combat troops.

                                                     ~~

@@Gonsool Shayk Speer /Cur

Not currently used, but may be used with future alternative variants.

                                                     ~~

@@Not used (Dem) /Dem

@@Camel Transpt Cps /Eco

EFFECT: Prerequisite for Camel Transport Dept. When the Dept is completed, the War Office grants the Imperial Camel Cps, which upgrades the Camel Cps Bn to the Camel Cps Bde.

DESCRIPTION: The Camel Transport Corps was organised under the ASC to transport supplies from depts to the frontline by Camel.  Throughout 1917-1918 it employed 25-35,000 camels organised into companies of 2,000 (1,200 after Feb, 1918).  Egyptian drivers and handlers were commanded by British officers.  

Egypt has provided transport personnel, drivers for the Camel 
					                 
Transport Corps, and men for the Egyptian Labour Corps in large numbers, in addition to several units of the Egyptian Army.  These have all done work which, though unostentatious, has been of great value.  During the operations in the hills of Juda, and of Moab, the troops often depended for their supplies on the Camel Transport Corps.  The drivers displayed steadiness under fire and devotion to duty in the face of cold and rain, which they had never experienced previously.  The Egyptian Labour Corps shared these hardships.  The construction and maintenance of roads was a task of considerable importance and difficulty during the rainy season, and threw a great strain on the Egyptian Labour Corps.  Its successful accomplishment 
					                 
reflects credit on the Corps.  The Egyptian authorities have complied at once with all requests that I have made, and my thanks are due to them for their loyal support.   E.H.H. Allenby, September 18, 1918

The compliance and loyal support of the Egyptian government caused great resentment, as 500,000 Egyptians were recruited into the CTC and ELC.

As the British pressed the campaign into Palestine in the spring of 1917, they increased their demands on Egyptians for labor and supplies.  Camels and mules were requisitioned by the tens of 
					                 
thousands, along with fodder and grain to feed them.  The heaviest burden came with the recruiting of Egyptians for the Labour Corps, the Camel Transport Corps, and similar units.  When volunteers were not forthcoming, the government adapted the tactic of adminstrative pressure.  This was essentially conscription, though it was not labeled as such.  It effectively reintroduced the corve, a widely loathed system of collective forced labor that had been used for centuries in Egypt to dig and maintain irrigation canals (including the Suez Canal) and had been eliminated only a generation earlier.  In his memoirs, writer Salama Musa records seeing men in wartime bound with thick ropes around their waists and put in a long row with their fellow 
					                 
victims, and marched like that to the village office, ... to be consequently deported to Palestine.  Borderlines: Genders and Identities in War and Peace 1870-1930 By Billie Melman

                                                     ~~









@@E Tank Company /E1

EFFECT: By granting this request, the War Office transfers the E Tank Company to the EEF (1 Mark IV Tanks).

DESCRIPTION: The first deployment of tanks outside of the Western Front was not a success.  Used at the 2nd and 3rd Battles of Gaza, the E tank company was disbanded in April 1918 as replacements dried up.  Their potential was undercut by tactical misuse  at 2nd Gaza, they were too highly dispersed and exposed for an excessive time to enemy artillery.
                                                     ~~

@@Protectorate Status/E2

In 1878 the profligate Ismail Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, had brought his country to the edge of bankruptcy.  The Western powers had stepped in but at a price, and their yoke bore hard.  In 1881 Egyptian unrest became open rebellion.  To safeguard its financial interests Britain sent in an army, crushed the rebels and restored the Khedive, but from now on the Khedive governed in name only; the real ruler of Egypt was Cromer, the British Agent and Consul-General.  A complex apparatus of control was introduced.  There were British advisers at the top of all the major ministries; the commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Army, the Sirdar, was British; so were the inspector-general of prisons, the commandants of the two key police forces of Cairo and 
					                 
Alexandria, and of course the Mamur Zapt, the head of the Political CIDthe Secret Police.

But by 1908 British rule was not as firmly based as it looked.  Other powers were growing jealous.  France had cultural links with Egypt which dated back to Napoleon and had never forgiven the British for staying on after crushing the Arabi rebellion.

Turkey was also jealous, for Egypt was still constitutionally a province of the Ottoman Empire, and the Khedive in theory owed allegiance to the Sultan of Istanbul.
					                 
And all the time the underground forces of Egyptian Nationalism were growing in strength

Egypt was a country of many potential masters. (Michael Pearce in the Author's Note to The Mamur Zapt and the Return of the Carpet).

The fiction of Ottoman rule was quickly discarded with the declaration of war: England immediately declared the province a protectorate and purged the government and military of any pro-Turkish elements.   The population initially accepted this and ignored the Caliphs call for Jihad.  Later anti-British sentiment grew as a result of wartime 
					                 
policies.  When the war ended, a large independence movement emerged in 1919.

                                                     ~~







@@Army Service Corps /Eng

EFFECT: By granting this request, the War Office despatches 1 RE/Works Coy to the EEF.  

DESCRIPTION: The Army Service Corps (ASC) transported supplies to the front.  One of the reasons for Allenbys success was the massive network of mechanical and animal transport that moved between 1,600-2,400 tons of supply per day from the canal to the front line.  

Through the Directorate of Labour, the ASC also employed over 500,000 Egyptian labourers levied for work in the Sinai, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Salonika, and France.  These labourers built the Trans-
					                 
Sinai railway and pipeline, which allowed the invasion of Palestine.  Most of the EEFs operations in 1916 revolved around the protection of this construction force at the railhead.

                                                     ~~






@@Not Used (Env) /Env

@@4th Lt Horse Bde /Esp

EFFECT: By granting this request, the War Office authorises the transfer of the 4th Light Horse Brigade to the EEF (1 Light Horse).

DESCRIPTION: After an initial disbanding to generate replacements for Gallipoli, the 4th Light Horse Brigade reformed Egypt February 1917. It was initially attached to the British Imperial Mounted Division, which was renamed the Australian Mounted Division in June 1917.  
 Ross Mallett, http://www.unsw.adfa.edu.au/~rmallett/index.html

                                                     ~~
@@5th Lt Horse Bde /Exp

EFFECT: By granting this request, the War Office upgrades, in the field, the Imperial Mtd Bde from a Camel Cps Bde to a Light Horse brigade.

DESCRIPTION: Formed Palestine 18 July 1918 and assigned to Australian Mounted Division.  Contained the 14th and 15th Light Horse regiments as well as the 1er Regiment Mixte de Cavalerie du Levant.  The French regiment was not mounted on the superb Australian walers, and had some difficulty keeping up with the Australian regiments during the final offensive.  

					                 
 Ross Mallett, http://www.unsw.adfa.edu.au/~rmallett/index.html
 Megiddo 1918: The Last Great Cavalry Victory by Bryan Perrett

                                                     ~~







@@75th Division /Feu

EFFECT: By granting this request, the War Office assembles the 75th Division in Egypt (2 Territorials and 1 IA Recruits) units in Egypt.

DESCRIPTION: One of the last divisions formed for the British Army, the 75th Division assembled in the spring of 1917 from British regiments posted in the Indian Army.  Most of these were shipped directly from India to Egypt, but a few came from other theatres, including Aden and Southeast Africa.  

Aden was a backwater port in the Protectorate of Yemen at the southern end of the Red Sea.  Administered as a colony of India, it 
					                 
was surprised by a Turk attack in July 1915.  As vital to Allied shipping lanes as the Suez Canal, Aden clearly required a garrison.  Fortunately, the Turks were isolated, and as the war progressed, colonial units could replace the garrison of territorials (1/4 Duke of Cornwalls Light Infantry) that were present in 1914.  These were sent to help form the 75th division in Egypt.

The Allies eventually fought the campaign in East Africa with largely native African soldiers.  Soldiers of European descent who fought there in 1915-6, even South Africans and Rhodesians, were wracked with disease.  One of the battalions assigned initially to the 75th 
					                 
division (2nd Battalion Loyal North Lancs) fought in East Africa for 18 months, but was then forced to detach for recovery from massive health problems for 23 months, which included its brief stint with the 75th division.  The battalion was quickly replaced by a regiment of the Indian Army, but that particular brigade (234th) fought as an understrength three battalion unit for almost a year.

To complete the divisional artillery component the British assigned the I South African Brigade (RFA).  

                                                     ~~
@@Desert Mtd Corps /Fli

EFFECT: By granting this request, the War Office transfers 2 Yeomanry units to the EEF: 7 Mtd Bde (1 Yeomanry, immediately), 8 Mtd Bde / Yeomanry Mtd Div (1 Yeomanry, 1 turn delay)

DESCRIPTION: When Allenby took command, he reorganised the cavalry into three divisions to form the Desert Mounted Corps.  Two Yeomanry brigades were transferred from Salonika to strengthen the DMC.  

                                                     ~~

@@Young Turk Rev /Fun
     In 1908, a revolution by the Committee of Union and Progress deposed the corrupt and ineffective Ottoman regime.  The government evolved into a dictatorship with four leaders, Sait Halim, Talat Pasha, Enver Pasha, and Jemal Pasha.  As individuals, they were young men, highly educated, and skilled in bureaucratic infighting.  Unfortunately, they were also power hungry and beset by petty jealousies, which compromised their ability to work effectively together.  As the events of 1914 unfolded, these traits, in combination, were to prove dangerous to the continued existence of the Ottoman Empire (Erickson).
     In this scenario, the Turk government is represented by Civ2s Fundamentalism.
                                                     ~~

@@ASC Mtr Transport/FP
EFFECT: Enables the building of ASC MT Workshop, which when completed transfers 1 Ford Lt Cars to the EEF.  

DESCRIPTION: The Army Service Corps used both mechanical and animal transport to supply the EEF.  Before the capture of Gaza, this was mostly concentrated in Egypt between dock and rail, due to the inability of trucks to use the rudimentary tracks and mesh roads in the Sinai.  During the Palestine campaign, however, the EEFs ASC motor pool doubled, significantly increasing the radius within which front line units could be supplied from a railhead.  Eventually, some 16% of the EEFs ASC was assigned to mechanical transport.
                                                     ~~
@@No More Turks /Gen

EFFECT: Renders Dept Regt, Syrians, Feldhaubitz, obsolete.  

DESCRIPTION: During the last Megiddo campaign of 1918, the Allies completely disrupted Turk lines of communication.  This disruption precluded Turk units from regrouping in key cities.

                                                     ~~
@@Mrettep Livalar /Gue

EFFECT: Turk Dmdar Kolu (Civ2 Partisans) units are created when Turk cities are captured.

DESCRIPTION: A key to Turkish tenacity throughout the Great War was their repeated ability to scrap together remnants into a viable combat formation.  These rearguard (Dmdar Kolu) is Turkish for rearguard column) often fought effective delaying actions that blunted Allied breakthroughs.  Occasionally, provisional units achieved a official status and can be seen on military maps of Turkish campaigns. 

                                                     ~~
@@Egyptian EF /Gun

The Egyptian Expeditionary Force was the parent force for all Allied formations in Egypt, Palestine, and Syria.

                                                     ~~
@@No More Ikhawan /Hor

EFFECT: Sanussi can no longer raise Ikhawan.

                                                     ~~
@@Khamsin /Ind

Used by the Impassable Civilisation.

                                                     ~~
@@Aleppos Capture /Inv

EFFECT: Given upon capture of Aleppo.

DESCRIPTION: For the Turks, Aleppo represents the gateway to Syria and Mesopotamia.  When it fell in October 1918, the Ottoman Empire actively sought peace.  For Arabs, it was the eve of self-government.  Support for the British throughout the theatre became conditional at best.

                                                     ~~
@@EEF Eastern Force /Iro

EFFECT: By granting this request, the W.O. despatches 1Siege Arty and 2 Mountain Arty units to the EEF.

DESCRIPTION: The Eastern Frontier Force was formed in October 1916 to give more local command to forces on the Suez Canal.  After the debacle at the 2nd battle for Gaza, the EEF was reorganised along formal corps structures (DMC, XX, and XXI).

                                                     ~~
@@AE Condominium /Lab

The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium was a colonial government created for the Sudan after its reconquest during the River War (1897-1900).  It shared authority over the region.  Initially, it enforced martial law, but in 1901, the shift to civilian government began with the creation of the Sudan Political Service.  By 1914, British civil servants held the highest posts, Egyptians the mid-, and Sudanese the low-level posts in the SPS.  

During the Condominium period, the Gezira region at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers, which was the most populated land, became more developed in terms of civil government and agriculture.  
					                 
Lands more distant reverted to local tribal rule, and the borders remained indefinite.  The ethnic, religious, and cultural divides between these regions were never bridged, and after independence, Sudan has been beset by lengthy civil wars in the South and West.

                                                     ~~




@@Tender in Antalya /Las

The Germans deployed 3-4 U-Boats to support the Turks in Gaza and Palestine.  On 11-Nov-17, UC38 evaded Trawler patrols and sank a destroyer (HMS Staunch) and a monitor (M-15, 9.2 gun).  

To add some challenge, El Aurens assumes that a U-Boat tender is present in the Turkish port of Antalya, just off the northern edge of the El Aurens map.  
                                                     ~~
@@N Hejaz Mission /Ldr

EFFECT: By granting this request, the W.O. authorises the transfer of a military mission to Akaba.  This includes Gurkhas, a battery each of armored cars and French mountain guns, and a company of the Egyptian Camel Corps.

DESCRIPTION: The Western powers reinforced the Arab revolt at Akaba with a political awareness of their Arab allies, who wanted modern arms but not Christian soldiers.  The resulting military mission was not unlike a modern special ops force; it emphasised mobility and ability to assimilate over strength.  Elite camel-mounted infantry were detached from Indian and Egyptian armies.  Likewise the French sent a 
					                 
machine gun and mountain gun detachment manned by Muslims.  The only all British units were a battalion of the ICC and an armored car battery.  These usually operated only in loose coordination with Arab forces.  

                                                     ~~





@@Gazas Capture /Lit

EFFECT: Given upon capture of Gaza.  Enables the completion of the Balfour Declaration, which earns points and leads to the creation of the Jewish Legion.

DESCRIPTION: The Gaza Line was the first position of heavily entrenched Turks that the Allies had encountered in Sinai.  It was set on high ground behind a wadi, and extending far into the desert.  The Allies could neither outflank nor frontally assault it without a significant expenditure in troops and artillery.  

Murray narrowly failed his first attempt to breach the line.  Flanking 
					                 
ANZAC cavalry actually occupied parts of Gaza, but supporting British infantry could not advance in a poorly executed frontal attack against the Turks.  The ANZACs were called back, but Murray neglected to inform his superiors of the withdrawal.

In an attempt to have geographical reality match his despatches to London, Murray ordered a second attempt, which failed miserably with heavy casualties.  The defeat led to his dismissal.

His replacement Allenby infused the now demoralised EEF with new energy and troops.  A thoroughly planned 3rd Battle of Gaza was a 
					                 
clearcut victory for Allenby.  It gave an ascendent morale to the Allies, and forced the Turks into desperate delaying actions until a stable line finally materialised north of Jaffa and Jerusalem.  

The entry into Palestine also made Zionism feasible.  Eager to have Jewish resources aid the Allied cause, the British government conducted a quiet negotiation between Lords Balfour and Rothschild, which culminated with a declaration supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

                                                     ~~
@@RFC Upgrades /Too

EFFECT: By granting this request, the W.O. authorises immediate field upgrades of Recce Sqns to Scout Fighter Sqns.  At the same time 4 QF 3 20cwt AA units are transferred to the EEF.

DESCRIPTION: In 1916, the Allies enjoyed a slight numerical superiority in the air, but their planes were inferior.  The Turks, using German pilots, had the edge.  By late 1918, the Allies overwhelmed the Germans in both numbers and quality to gain an air supremacy that deprived the Turks of any aerial reconnaissance.  At Megiddo, the Palestine Brigade consisted of two air wings for a total of 7 squadrons.
                                                     ~~
@@60th London /Mag
EFFECT: By granting this request, the W.O. despatches the 60th London Division (3 Territorials) to the EEF.  

DESCRIPTION: This was originally a Territorial Force (Saturday Night Soldiers) division of volunteers.  By 1917, when it arrived in Egypt, the distinctions between regular army, territorials, and New Army units were long gone.  

Prior to arriving in Egypt in 1917, the division served in Salonika.  The Salonika theatre in Northern Greece and Macedonia was strategically controversial.  For almost three years, there was a stalemate between a polyglot Allied army and a well-entrenched Bulgarian army.  Since 
					                 
offensives were costly and futile for much of the campaign, the troops spent much of the time on the defensive and were referred to as the Gardeners of Salonika.  Mosquitos swarmed, and malaria was rampant.  In 1917, the British decided to transfer two yeomanry brigades and two infantry divisions from this front to Sinai.  

Despite the enormous difficulties faced by the Allies, the Greek front was the first to collapse.  This rapidly led to the capitulations of Bulgaria, Turkey, and Austria-Hungary whose positions became untenable as breakthroughs threatened almost unguarded capitals.  
                                                     ~~
@@Reg Arab Army /Map

EFFECT: The War Office authorises the shipment of supplies sufficient to create a number of Arab regular units in Akaba, Gayadah, and Rabegh.

DESCRIPTION: Though grossly overstated as armies, the North, East and South Arab Armies served as effective nuclei for the largely irregular Arab forces that constantly hounded the desert flank of the Turks.  Recruited mainly from Turk POWs and deserters, its battles with Turk formations were not governed by the Geneva convention.  A few small Egyptian, Algerian, and Indian units bolstered its firepower.

					                 
The North Arab Armys exploits have been well-documented in Lawrences memoirs as well as despatches by Allenby.  It captured Maan and assisted drives on Amman, Damascus, and Aleppo by constantly harassing the retreating Ottomans.  

Responsible for the siege of Medina, that tied down a Turkish corps, the often overlooked South Arab Army was as large as its more famous counterpart to the north.  It was ably trained and organised by Jafar Pasha, the Turk commander who orchestrated the Sanussi advance into Egypt.  Like him, many of the recruits were formerly part of the Ottoman army.
					                 
Less than a brigade in strength, the East Arab Army besieged Ibn Rashid in Hail from afar.  By intercepting arms caravans riding east from the Hejaz railroad, the EAA caused a dramatic weakening of Ibn Rashids forces.  Ironically, the beneficiary of this siege was not the Hashemites.  In 1915, Rashids Shammari handily defeated a British-advised attack by the Saudis.  In 1918 after 2 years of isolation, the tables were turned and virtually all of the Shammar lands, except Hail itself, was conquered by the the Saudis.  

The decline of the Shammari escalated the Hashemite-Saudi rivalry.  In 1918, a dispute flared in Khurma on the border between these 
					                 
domains.  A year later, the Hashemites met defeat at the hands of the Saudis in 1919 in Turabah.  Henceforth Husseins tenure of Mecca was but a precarious survival, kept in existence only by Britains dubious protection of an ally who was no longer an asset, and by Ibn Sauds shrewd restraint.  When the moment was ripe and the stem had withered, he would reach out for the apple Hart.

                                                     ~~



@@Not used (Mas) /Mas

@@S Hejaz Mission /MP

EFFECT: By granting this request, the W.O. authorises the transfer of 1 EA Camel Cps and 1 Camel Arty from the Egyptian army to Rabegh.  

DESCRIPTION: The Allies assisted the Arab forces near Medina with a small number of colonial Muslim units.  

                                                     ~~
@@Rabeghs Capture/Mat
EFFECT: Occurs when Rabegh is captured by the Allies.  

DESCRIPTION: Rabegh was the initial port of supply for the Arab Revolt.  When the Turks threatened to retake it, the Rabegh Crisis, a diplomatic tangle, developed.  Arab irregulars seemed incapable of stopping the Turks, despite the natural defenses between Medina and Rabegh.  Neither Arab, British, nor French leaders wanted it to fall, since it was the lynchpin of the Arab position.  On the other hand, no one wanted European troops to reinforce the Arabs.  Militarily, such a deployment stretched the Allies too thinly.  It also placed Christians too close to the holy cities of Islam.  Finally, colonial rivalry was at play; both France and Britain were reluctant to let the other send troops to Arabia.

                                                     ~~

@@LahoreMeerut Divs /Med

EFFECT: By granting this request, the War Office authorises the transfer of the 3rd Lahore (3 Indian Recruits) and 7th Meerut divisions  (2 Indian Recruits) of the Indian army from Mesopotamia to the EEF.  

DESCRIPTION: The Indian Army recruited on a regional basis.  Both the 3rd Lahore and 7th Lahore divisions were regular pre-war divisions that fought with distinction from France to Mesopotamia.  Like all Indian infantry divisions, 25% of the infantry and 100% of the artillery was British.  A legacy of the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, this British cadre was intended both to bolster the Indian Army and 
					                 
discourage any potential rebels.  With only a few isolated exceptions, the largely Muslim Indian army fought remarkably well for the British, despite the Caliphs call for a Jihad against them.

The final push into Palestine required more troops, which could only come from the East.  After the capture of Ramadi, the prize of the theatre, Baghdad was safe from flanking counterattacks.  The Mesopotamian front became a backwater for both sides.  The British took advantage of this by transferring two experienced divisions to Palestine.
                                                     ~~
@@Not used (Met) /Met

@@40th Army Wing /Min

EFFECT: By granting this request, the War Office authorises the transfer of the 142, 144, and 145 squadrons (2 Recce Bomber, 1 Scout Fighter), as well as 4 QF 3 20cwt AA to the EEF.  

DESCRIPTION: In 1916, the Allies enjoyed a slight numerical superiority in the air, but their planes were inferior.  The Turks, using German pilots, had the edge.  By late 1918, the Allies overwhelmed the Germans in both numbers and quality to gain an air supremacy that deprived the Turks of any aerial reconnaissance.  At Megiddo, the Palestine Brigade consisted of two air wings for a total of 7 squadrons.

					                 
The 40th (Army) Wing of the RAF was attached to the EEF.  The 1 Australian, 111, 145 squadrons flew first line fighters in both air superiority and ground support roles.  The 144 squadron was used for bombing and reconnaissance.

                                                     ~~





@@WF Withdrawal Order /Mob

EFFECT: By granting this request, the W.O. approvest the transfer of a large number of units to France.  These are immediately withdrawn from the map.

DESCRIPTION: In spring of 1918, before the Americans could arrive in force, the Germans launched Kaiserschlacht in France, a large initially successful offensive aimed at the hinge between French and British armies.  The British army almost broke under the onslaught.  Massive well-designed artillery barrages coupled with novel infantry infiltration tactics annihilated many frontline positions.  Only two factors saved the British: the important communications hubs were 40 
					                 
miles from the front and the Germans had no cavalry for pursuit after the breakthrough.  Even so, it was a very close call.  

As a result, there was an urgent need for troops to replace destroyed divisions, and the EEF had to give up the equivalent of six full divisions of veteran troops.  In the game, this is simulated by the sudden disappearance of up to 31 British units.  The gaps made by theses transfers were filled, but largely with raw Indian recruits.  The army that broke the Turks so thoroughly in 1918 contained 8 Indian, 2 ANZAC, and 1 British divisions.
                                                     ~~
@@Not Used (Mon) /Mon

@@Islam /MT

At the core of Islam is the Quran , believed to be the final revelation by a transcendent Allah [Arab.,=the God] to Muhammad , the Prophet of Islam; since the Divine Word was revealed in Arabic, this language is used in Islamic religious practice worldwide. Muslims believe in final reward and punishment, and the unity of the umma, the nation of Islam. Muslims submit to Allah through arkan ad-din, the five basic requirements or pillars : shahadah, the affirmation that there is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God ; salah, the five daily ritual prayers (see liturgy, Islamic ); zakat , the giving of alms, also known as a religious tax; Sawm, the dawn-to-sunset fast during the lunar month of Ramadan; and hajj , the pilgrimage to Mecca. 
					                 
The importance of the hajj can hardly be overestimated: this great annual pilgrimage unites Islam and its believers from around the world.  

http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Islam_IslamicBeliefs.asp

                                                     ~~




@@Sanussi Tariqa /Mys

The Sanussi Tariqa (way) involved resistance to Western ideals, no tobacco or alcohol, no gold or jewels for men, no music, dance, or song in religious observations, no contact with Christians, Jews, or bad Muslims, and strict adherence to the Quran Cassandra Vivian.  The physical centers of Sanussi Tariqa were the Zawaya (school and house of worship) found in every oasis where the Sanussi were present.

                                                     ~~
@@Not used (Nav) /Tra

@@Not used (NF) /NF

@@IJN Med Sqn /NP

EFFECT: By granting this request, the French Navy authorises the transfer of a destroyer squadron from an anti-submarine station in the central Mediterranean Sea to the Division de Syrie.  Increases MF of naval units.

DESCRIPTION: The Second Special Squadron (Dai Ni Tokumu Kantai), Imperial Japanese Navy agreed to a British request for assistance to patrol sea lanes in the Mediterranean.  It maintained a destroyer flotilla on station in 1918.  

                                                     ~~
@@Arab Bureau /Phi

EFFECT: Enables the building of the Hussein-McMahon Letters, which are the delayed trigger of the Arab Revolt.

DESCRIPTION: Sir Henry McMahon is generally dismissed by historians as an unimaginative bureaucrat with close ties to Kitchener.  During his tenure as High Commissioner of Egypt, however, the Arab Bureau, a collection of travellers, archeologists, and political officers (Hart), was created.  Although Lawrence is the most famous member, he could not have attained his success without the others.  Sensitive to Arab distrust, the Bureau was remarkably successful in nurturing the Hejaz revolt.  It was a loose cannon, however, and is partly to blame 
					                 
for the lack of coordination between the Hussein-McMahon Letters and the Sykes-Picot Agreement.

                                                     ~~







@@12 Mtd Divs /Phy

EFFECT: By granting this request, the W.O. authorises the transfer of 5 IA Lancers to the EEF.

DESCRIPTION: The Palestine campaign was one of the very few in the Great War in which cavalry played an important role.  These two cavalry divisions had an extremely convoluted history, but by 1918 were composed primarily of Indian cavalry with a few squadrons from the recently disbanded Yeomanry Division.  Despite the Indian majority, they were still considered British Army divisions.  These divisions were responsible for capturing Tyre and Beirut.
                                                     ~~
@@Jewish Legion /Pla

After the Balfour Declaration, the British army was pressured to form a Jewish Legion, officially the 38th-40th battalions of Royal Fusiliers regiment.  These were deployed in Palestine in 1918. Although relegated to a secondary sector by leaders who did not support the Zionist cause, they fought well, forcing the Jordan fords against heavy opposition.

                                                     ~~
@@Not used (Plu) /Plu

@@Indianised Divs /PT
EFFECT: By granting this request, the W.O. authorises the transfer of 11 IA Recruits to the EEF.

DESCRIPTION: With the withdrawal of veteran British troops to fill the Western Front void created by the Kaiserschlacht, there was a need for replacements.  The only source was India.  Troops were quickly raised, trained, and sent to Palestine.  The British then pulled an organizational trick.  Four British infantry divisions were filled with Indian battalions, effectively becoming Indian army divisions.  Nonetheless, they kept their British names.  As a result, histories often do not reflect that 8 of Allenbys 11 divisions at Megiddo were Indian Army units, and only 1 was truly British.
                                                     ~~
@@No More Muhafizia /Pot

This simulates when the Turkish supply to the Sanussis has been severed.

                                                     ~~
@@An Arab Revolt /Rad

EFFECT: This event is triggered in part by the completion of the Hussein-McMahon Letters.  When it occurs, three Emirs, several Bedouins, a Coastal Patrol, and a RNAS Sqn are created in or near the Hejaz not far from Mecca and Medina.

DESCRIPTION: In the decade before the Great War, the Ottoman Empire was transformed from a remarkably tolerant Islamic Caliphate with large European and African populations to a much smaller increasingly oppressive Turkish state.  The modernizing reforms of the Young Turk revolution aroused nationalism among Arabs and other Non-Turkic peoples.  This was often brutally suppressed.  In 1914-
					                 
1915, there was a particularly harsh crackdown in Syria.  Syria was pacified, but more remote Arabs became convinced that their future did not belong with the Turks.  The revolt began as a local tribal rebellion in the Hejaz, but eventually grew to involve Syrian and Iraqi Arabs as well.

There were a number of immediate factors that affected the timing of the revolt.  Through McMahon, the British promised in early 1916 to aide a revolt and give the Arabs a postwar state.  Meanwhile, the Turks were ratcheting up the pressure on Emir Hussain to proclaim his support for the Caliphs call for a Jihad.  The Arab secret societies in 
					                 
Syria and Iraq were demanding action.  The final straw was the Turk decision to reinforce the Hejaz.  

                                                     ~~







@@Trans-Sinai Rwy /RR

EFFECT: By granting this request, the W.O. permits the shipment of matriel sufficient to meet railway construction needs of the EEF.  RE/Works Coy units can now lay Std Gge railways.

DESCRIPTION: During the Great War, the Army Service Corps (ASC) laid two gauges of railway.  Standard gauge was used for primary supply routes, while light railways extended the routes to divisional trains (i.e. divisional supply depts).   More powerful locomotives and rolling stock of greater capacity were available for the standard gauge railways.  

					                 
The ASC laid rail from the Suez Canal to Syria.  The most important work was the Trans-Sinai railway, which kept the EEF well supplied during the thrust across the desert and into Palestine.  

                                                     ~~






@@Trench Mortars/Rec

EFFECT: By granting this request, the W.O. authorises immediate field upgrades of Territorials into Infantry (1917), a significantly more potent unit for attacking cities.

DESCRIPTION: The British Stokes trench mortar was invented out of necessity in 1915.  It was quickly accepted for general use for close artillery support of infantry.  Its chief benefit was a high rate of fire.  Once a target was registered, a large amount of ordnance could be delivered in a short period.  This gave significant tactical advantages for both defending and attacking.  Infantry tactics soon evolved to exploit trench mortars.
					                 
Trench Mortars were organised into divisional batteries: light (3), medium (6) and heavy (9.45).  These did not arrive in Egypt until mid to late 1917.  In El Aurens, these batteries are considered to be part of the Infantry (1917) and Mountain Arty units.

                                                     ~~





@@1918 Ordnance Plan /Ref

EFFECT: By granting this request, the W.O. permits the building of Adv Ordance Stores, which, when first completed, provide supplies for 4 Siege Arty units.  The limited ordnance for heavy artillery is simulated by giving Siege Arty units the missile flag.

DESCRIPTION: As a secondary theatre, the Near East rarely received large amounts of precious heavy artillery ordnance.  Ordnance requirements went beyond stockpiling ammunition.  Caterpillar tractors and trucks were needed for gun mobility; engineers were needed to prepare battery sites; mobile workshops were needed to keep guns and tractors in repair; and tyre presses to replace worn  tyres 
					                 
(lifetime in this theatre was only 2,000 miles).  

Substantial stockpiles were accumulated prior to the Gaza and Megiddo offensives.  It was the shock of these heavy barrages that enabled infantry to breach the Turk lines.  

                                                     ~~




@@The Bull /Rfg

EFFECT: If insufficient military progress has been made in Sinai by mid-1917, the W.O. grants this request for a new commander.  This in turn authorises the EEF Reorganization (Darwins Voyage).  

DESCRIPTION: A cavalryman frustrated by trench warfare in France, Allenby had a mediocre record in France.  He fell out of favor with Haig after the Battle of Arras.  The CIGS still held him in high regard and recommended his transfer to command the EEF.   

Allenby was known for his imposing size and irascibility (his men called him The Bull) 
					                 
    In all professions, and especially in the military, character is of 
    greater importance than brains or experience. Allenby  had 
    absolute courage, physical and morala courage so complete that     
    he seemed almost unaware that such a quality existed; he acted 
    quickly and coolly in danger, not because danger excited him to     
    action, but because there was work to be done at once.

    A less obvious quality, but one that was the real foundation of his 
    successes, was the care for administration. His method of 
    command was a more personal one than that of most commanders of 
    great armiesmodern armies, that is. Once he knew and trusted his  
					                 
    staff he spent as little time as possible in the office and as much time 
    as possible with his armyby no means always with the forward 
    troops, but also in visiting bases, hospitals, workshops, training 
    camps, and all establishments by which the army lived, moved and 
    had its being.

    His physique and appearance stood him in good stead. He could 
    endure continual long journeys over dusty, bumpy tracks, often in 
    great heat, without the least apparent fatigue. No soldier who had 
    seen Allenbyand practically all his soldiers did see Allenby
    could have any doubt that he was being commanded.
					                 
    The root of Allenbys method  was trust in his subordinates; he 
    gave his squadron commanders a clear picture of what he expected, 
    and then left them a free hand.

    While coolness in disaster is the supreme proof of a commanders    
    courage, energy in pursuit is the surest test of his strength of will. 
    Few have carried out pursuits with such relentless determination as 
    did Allenby.

    War was to him a tedious, distasteful business, which interfered 
    with enjoyment of the quiet and beautiful fruits of the earth 
					                 
Allenby would prove to be as relentless and as tenacious as the American General U.S. Grant, once he began his attacks later that year. 

Though his tenure was not free of mistakes, it was clear that the EEF finally had a commander admirably suited for the task at hand.  He was the architect of the decisive victory at Megiddo.  Known as the Last Great Cavalry Victory, this battle utterly destroyed the Turk army in Palestine.  This rout together with the collapse of the Salonika front forced the Ottomans to the negotiating table.

					                 
  Wavell on the Bull, Time Magazine, Apr 7, 1941.

  Excerpts from Allenby, a Study in Greatness by A.P. Wavell (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1940), who was then the Brigadier-General (Temporary), General Staff of the XX Corps, and later serving with distinction in WWII and postwar India, wrote several books on Allenby and the 1918 campaign in Palestine.  

  Ordered to Die by Erickson

                                                     ~~
@@Grand Sanussi /Rep

The leader of the Sanussi was Sayyid Ahmad, grand nephew of the sects founder.  Dominating the North African desert at a time when it became a focus for European powers, he tried to keep an isolationist apolitical stance.  By 1914, he was viewed as a threat by the Italians in Libya, which forced him into the Turks camp.  He successfully retook Cyrenaica from the Italians in 1914.  Their entry as Entente Allies in the Great War forestalled any counterattack, and they simply maintained colonial troop garrisons in a few coastal towns.  

Flush with this victory, Ahmad invaded Egypt.  In all, the Allies deployed almost 100,000 troops against the elusive Sanussi.  For their 
					                 
part, the Turks supplied some munitions, money, and less than 300 troops by U-Boat.  It was a remarkably successful investment.

                                                     ~~







@@Meccas Capture /Rob
EFFECT: Given upon the capture of Mecca.  1 Agayl Camelry unit is created in Mecca.

DESCRIPTION: When Mecca was captured by the Hashemites, the Turks reinforced Medina with the aim of quashing the revolt.  For the next 5 months, the revolt barely survived as irregular Arab forces melted before Turk regulars backed by artillery and airplanes.  Only the slow pace of the Turk counteroffensive saved Rabegh from recapture.  Eventually the Arabs outflanked the Turks by capturing Wejh, and threatened the long thread of the Hejaz railway north of Medina, giving the Arabs the initiative for the remainder of the war.
                                                     ~~
@@Arty from Taif /Roc

EFFECT: No longer used in EA v2.

DESCRIPTION: The summer camp of Turks based in Mecca, Taif contained a number of artillery pieces that were captured and put to use by the Arabs.

                                                     ~~

@@Siwas Capture /San
EFFECT: Given upon the recapture of Siwa from the Sanussis.  Reduces the risk of sabotage in Cairo.

DESCRIPTION: Siwa is the most famous of all Egypts Western Desert oases.  Its fame dates back to Alexander the Greats visit to the Oracle of Amon.  In 1917, it was the last oasis to be retaken from the Sanussis.

During the Great War, Turkish spies had infiltrated the Egyptian police force.  This was eventually recognised when Wyndham Deedes, a former Ottoman Jandarma officer, joined the Cairo Intelligence Department and broke the network (Fromkin).
                                                     ~~
@@Syrian Gates /Sea

@@Wejhs Capture /SFl

EFFECT: Given upon the capture of Wejh.  Tribal Boundaries north of Yambo dissipate as the Arab Bureau and Jeddah Agency convince Bedouins to lay aside tribal conflicts and unite against the Turks.  Lawrence appears next to Nebk.  

DESCRIPTION: The capture of Wejh stripped the initiative away from the Turks in the Hejaz.  Thoughts of an offensive against Rabegh evaporated with the realization that supplies for the Medina garrison depended on a thin now vulnerable thread, the Hejaz railway.  The Arabs are ready to go on the offensive.
                                                     ~~
@@EEF Reconstruction /Sth

EFFECT: When this is granted, the W.O. authorises immediate field upgrades of IA Recruits to IA Regulars, a much more potent unit for attacking cities.

DESCRIPTION: Allenby spent the spring and summer of 1918 training his new recruits that filled the vacancies left by the British veterans withdrawn to France.

                                                     ~~
@@Audas Irregulars /SE

EFFECT: When Audas Irregulars are received, Auda and 1 Agayl Camelry unit appears southeast of Nebk.  If this occurs after the capture of Wejh, Lawrence appears, too.  Note that once Nebk is captured, Howeitat Bedouins can enter the Near East Theatre map.

DESCRIPTION: Only by means of Auda abu Tayi could we swing the tribes from Maan to Akaba so violently in our favour that they would take Akaba Lawrence in Seven Pillars of Wisdom.  Next to Feisal, Auda was the most important Arab leader to the Allies during the revolt.  
                                                     ~~
@@CSIC near Bardia /Stl

EFFECT: Occurs when Sollum is recaptured by the Allies.  A small Italian expedition (2 Garrison Bn, and 1 AutoMG unit) lands near Bardia.

DESCRIPTION: A small expeditionary force (Corpo di Spedizione Italiano per la Cirenaica) landed in the spring of 1916 to assist in reasserting Italian control of northeast Cyrenaica.

                                                     ~~

@@El Arishs Capture /Sup

EFFECT: Given upon the capture of El Arish.  

DESCRIPTION: Captured in December 1916, El Arish marked a threshold for the Allies.  They were no longer defending the Suez Canal, but rather attacking the Ottoman Empire.

                                                     ~~
@@Abram and Moses /Tac

@@The Caliph /The

The Ottoman was still the Empire of Islam.  In November 1914, Sheik ul Islam, the religious leader in Istanbul issued a Fatwa proclaiming a Jihad against the Allies.  Sultan Mehmed V, in his role as Caliph, made the proclamation a universal one for all Muslims.  Fortunately for the Allies, most Muslims outside of the Ottoman Empire, including those in the Indian and Egyptian armies, viewed this as a naked political ploy that would pit them as subservient allies of Christian Germany in a war of aggression against the Entente powers.  The call was widely ignored.  

                                                     ~~
@@Victor Emmanuel III /ToG

Monarch of Italy during la Grande Guerra.

                                                     ~~
@@Not used (Tra) /Tra

@@Jerusalems Capture /Uni

EFFECT: Given upon the capture of Jerusalem.  Along with the Balfour Declaration, the capture of Jerusalem is trigger for the creation of the Jewish Legion (1 Judeans).  

DESCRIPTION: The capture of Jerusalem in December, 1917 was a shot in the arm for the Allies.  After all the bleeding in the West and the lost territory in Russia during 1916-1917, Allied morale was at low ebb.  Jerusalem was a name of biblical magnitude, and its symbolism far outweighed any military importance.

                                                     ~~
@@Not used (War) /War

@@Not used (Whe) /Whe

@@Damascus Capture /Wri
EFFECT: Given upon the capture of Damascus.  

DESCRIPTION: The capture of Damascus represented the climax of the Near East campaign.  The Turks were shattered; the Arabs were anticipating self-rule; and the Allies were planning the vivisection of the Ottoman Empire into spheres of influence.  The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration East was an attempt to give Arabs responsibility for governing Syrian lands captured from the Turks.  Feisal was the leader recognised by Allenby, but the O.E.T.A.E. did not evolve into a civilian government after the war.  Unable to find a compromise that suited the French, the Syrian nationalists, and his own ambitions, Feisal was expelled from Damascus in 1920 by the French.
                                                     ~~
@@Supply Convoy No. /...

This advance, the Future Technology of Civ2, does not lead to any reinforcements.  Instead, each time it is granted, you receive another 50 points added to your score.  This reflects the Allied desire to defeat the Turks with a minimum of troops, for it means another reinforcement request has been delayed.

                                                     ~~
@@Allied Units /U1

Prerequisite for many Allied units.

                                                     ~~
@@Not used (U2) /U2

@@Turk Units /U3

Prerequisite for most Ottoman units.

                                                     ~~
@@Arab Replacements /X1

Prerequisite for Syrians.
                                                     ~~
@@3nci Piade Firka /X2

3rd Infantry Division of the Ottoman Army.  Backbone of the drives made by the Ottoman Army toward Suez in early 1916.

                                                     ~~
@@Exp Korps Pascha I /X3

Initially the German Asian Corps, also known as the Expeditionkorps Pascha I, was a collection of pioneer, machine gun, and artillery units that constituted a well-equipped battalion in the Sinai Desert.  

                                                     ~~
@@Hiaz KS /X4
     The Ottoman decision to reinforce the Hejaz with an expeditionary command (Hiaz Kuvvei Seferiye) was the immediate trigger starting the Arab revolt.
     Baron Othmar von Stotzingen led an expedition coinciding with the transfer of leading elements of the Hiaz Kuvvei Seferiye to the Hejaz.  His mission was to erect a radio transmitter in the Asir region of Arabia with the aim of establishing communications with ali Dinar in Darfur and the the Mad Mullah, Muhammad ibn Abd Allah Hasan, of Somalia.  While somewhere between Mecca and the coast, he learned that the Arabs were on the verge of revolting.  He aborted the mission and left Arabia.
                                                     ~~
@@Autokolonne Turkei /X5

An Austro-Hungarian mechanised transport battalion provided to the Ottoman Army its only non-animal logistical support for moving supplies from rail depts to the front.

                                                     ~~

@@Flieger Abw Kanone /X6

With the advent of the combat airplane came specialised anti-aircraft batteries.  Germany supplied the Turks with 7.7cm FlaK.

                                                     ~~

@@Adwar Bands /X7

An Adwar was a Sanussi formation designed for raiding.  In the 1916 campaign, the Sanussi established a few base camps along Egypts northern coast.  Augmented with several maxims, these were relatively well defended by Sanussi standards.

Historically, British Yeomanry defeated these positions with a rapid cavalry charge, but costly charge.  

                                                     ~~

@IMPROVEMENT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the IMPROV.PDE text file in the original
;Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Palace will be the 16th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@IMPROVEMENT_INDEX
0,			; Nothing
1,			; Palace
2,			; Barracks
3,			; Granary
4,			; Temple
5,			; MarketPlace
6,			; Library
7,			; Courthouse
8,			; City Walls
9,			; Aqueduct
10,			; Bank
11,			; Cathedral
12,			; University
13,			; Mass Transit
14,			; Colosseum
15,			; Factory
16,			; Manufacturing Plant
17,			; SDI Defense
18,			; Recycling Center
19,			; Power Plant
20,			; Hydro Plant
21,			; Nuclear Plant
22,			; Stock Exchange
23,			; Sewer System
24,			; Supermarket
25,			; Superhighways
26,			; Research Lab
27,			; SAM Missile Battery
28,			; Coastal Fortress
29,			; Solar Plant
30,			; Harbor
31,			; Offshore Platform
32,			; Airport
33,			; Police Station
34,			; Port Facility
39,			; Transporter
35,			; SS Structural
36,			; SS Component
37,			; SS Module
38,			; (Capitalization)
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Nothing

Primary topic of Apolyton OT Forum.

xxx
Cairo Intelligence Dept
Through Colonel Clayton, Chief Political Officer of the Residency at Cairo, the CID had been molded by Kitchener into a group that actively fanned flames of discontent among Arabs under Ottoman rule.  However, it tended to exaggerate the size and willingness of these groups to revolt against the Turks.  The CID was the parent organization of the Arab Bureau.

xxx
Arab Secret Society
The Young Turk Revolution evolved into a pro-Turkish movement in the Ottoman Empire.  Arabs and other ethnic groups became second-class citizens.  After Jemals crackdown in Syria during 1915, Arabs conspired for independence in several secret societies.  The Al Fatat (Young Arab) Society was based in Syria; the Al Ahad (the Covenant) was composed primarily of Iraqi Ottoman army officers.   These societies encouraged passive compliance until the Turk defeat was inevitable.  The British were viewed as allies only as long as they supported Arab self-rule.  

In this scenario, the Arab Secret Society keeps citizens happy, but is more effective for the British.  It exists in Syrian and Cyrenaic cities and cannot be built.
xxx
 for The Governorate of Cairo (Cairo, Alexandria, and the Canal), and Markaz (province) regions, each with distinct constabularies.  The Governorate police did enforce martial law, but had problems with corruption and morale (many constables were conscripted with low salaries).

In a process catalyzed by war, the police became increasingly unpopular.  They enforced martial law and supported the forced recruitment of labourers into the ELC and CTC, to the neglect of their primary mission, criminal law enforcement.  By 1919, nationalists established a new national police, rather than reform the existing one.  

xxx
The Great War forced the development of elaborate supply networks.  Supplies were passed from Base Depts to Regulating Stations to Advanced Supply Depts to Refilling Points to the front-line.  The Advanced Supply Dept improvement represents the beginning of this cascade.  

@@General Headquarters
[ Palace ]

This improvement represents the primary military HQ for each nation.  Found in Cairo (Allies), Jerusalem (Turks), Aleppo (Turks), Bengasi (Italians), Kufra (Sanussiyya), Azrak (Ruwalli), and Hail (Shammari)

                                                     ~~

@@Repl Draft Camp
[ Barracks ]

Before replacements were sent to depleted units, they underwent training.  Basic training occurred in the home country, but orientation to the Near East theatre and trench fighting occurred in camps at Zeitoun & Mena outside of Cairo and Moascar near Ismailia.

To take full advantage of the Replacement Draft Camp in Cairo, it is wise to build a Std Gge Rwy between Cairo and the main front.

                                                     ~~

@@Artesian Wells
[ Granary ]

The Oaseans were remarkable in their ability to grow food in the desert.  They discovered that the lack of water is on the surface only.  Oases lay in the depressions, where the water table is not far from the surface.  By using many small wells, fields of crops could be irrigated.

                                                     ~~

@@Zawiya
[ Temple ]

A combination of school, house of worship, and dormitory, zawaya were the local centers of the Sanussi brotherhood.  Useful for maintaining order in Sanussi cities, but of no use in Allied cities.

                                                     ~~

@@Souk
[ Marketplace ]

An Arab marketplace that increases the tax base.  Souk de Goulmina (located in Morocco) was painted by Rosa Lopez.

                                                     ~~

@@Arab Bureau Liaison
[ Library ]
     The Arab Bureau, a collection of travellers, archeologists, and political officers (Hart), was created to advise British policy in the theatre.  Although Lawrence is the most famous member, he could not have attained his success without the others.  Sensitive to Arab distrust, the Bureau was remarkably successful in nurturing the Hejaz revolt.  It was a loose cannon, however, and is partly to blame for the lack of coordination between the Hussein-McMahon Letters and the Sykes-Picot Agreement.
     The Bureau, located in Cairo, frequently kept liaisons in other regions to collect intelligence and advise Arab leaders.
                                                     ~~
@@Native Court
[ Courthouse ]

     A colonial term for courts with non-European judges.  Names, codes, and organizations differed across the theatre, but all served to administer at least a minimal level of justice.  In El Aurens, the Native Courts do not exist in Ottoman cities.
     From the 1911 Edition of the Encyclopdia Britannica  There are four judicial systems in Egypt: two applicable to Egyptian subjects only, one applicable to foreigners only, and one applicable to foreigners and, to a certain extent, natives also. This multiplicity of tribunals arises from the fact that, owing to the Capitulations, which apply to Egypt as part of the Turkish empire, foreigners are almost 
					                 
entirely exempt from the jurisdiction of the native courts.
     The judicial systems applicable solely to Egyptians are supervised by the Ministry of Justice, to which has been attached since 1890 a British judicial adviser. Two systems of laws are administered: (1) the Mehkemehs, (2) the Native Tribunals. The Mehkemehs, or Courts of the Cadis, judge in all matters of personal status, such as marriage, inheritance and guardianship, and are guided in their decisions by the code of laws founded on the Koran. The Grand Cadi, who must belong to the sect of the Hanifis, sits at Cairo, and is aided by a council of Ulema or learned men.
     For other than the purposes indicated, the native judicial system, 					                 
both civil and criminal, was superseded in 1884 by tribunals administering a jurisprudence modelled on that of the French code. In 1904, however, more important modifications were introduced. Save on points of law, the right of appeal in criminal cases was abolished, and Assize Courts, whose judgments were final, established. At the same time the penal code was thoroughly revised, so that the Egyptian judges were for the first time provided with a sound working code. The native courts have both native and foreign judges. There are Courts of Summary Jurisdiction presided over by one judge, Central Tribunals (or Courts of First Instance) with three judges, and a Court of Appeal at Cairo. A committee of judicial surveillance watches the 
					                 
working of the Courts of First Instance and the Summary Courts, and endeavours, by letters and discussions, to maintain purity and sound law. There is a Procureur Gnral, who, with other duties, is entrusted with criminal prosecutions. His representatives are attached to each tribunal, and form the Parquet under whose orders the police act in bringing criminals to justice. In the Markaz (district) Tribunals, created in 1904 and presided over by magistrates with jurisdiction in cases of misdemeanour, the prosecution is, however, conducted directly by the police. Special Childrens Courts have been established for the trial of juvenile offenders. 
    The police service, which has been subject to frequent 
					                 
modification, was in 1895 put under the orders of the Ministry of the Interior, to which a British adviser and British inspectors are attached. The provincial police is under the direction of the local authorities, the Mudirs or governors of provinces, and the Mamurs or district officials; to the Omdas, or village head-men, who are responsible for the good order of the villages, a limited criminal jurisdiction has been entrusted.
     In the Sudan and desert regions of Egypt, courts relied more on traditional justices by Nazirs or Omdahs.  When these proved deficient, the British adjusted by offering both carrot and stick to local tribal leaders.  One such carrot occurred when the British exerted 
					                 
control over the often abusive Egyptian Commissions of Brigandage.  A typical stick was the creation of the Sinai Camel Police that extended Egyptian law further into Bedouin lands during a period when the Sinai Bedouins were unable to enforce even Bedouin justice.

                                                     ~~





@@Kasr
[ City Walls ]

Forts dating from as far back as Roman times protect most cities of the Near East against marauders.  Experience in the Great War showed that defenders of stood up well until faced with artillery.  To reflect this, a Kasr is ineffective against artillery and regular infantry, which contains intrinsic artillery.

                                                     ~~

@@Public Water Wks [4]
[ Aqueduct ]

To reflect its scarcity, Water Supply is needed for cities to grow beyond size 4.  

From 1907 to 1917, the population of Egypt grew 1.29% to 12.7 million people.  During that period, there was a significant migration from rural areas to the larger cities of the Lower and Middle Nile (Hirofumi Tanada, Waseda Univ.).  This shift made acute the need to control Nile flooding.

The Egyptian Ministry of Public Works (MPW) was charged with 
					                 
water works, which was responsible for both local projects and projects aimed at controlling the entire Nile watershed.  

Given the responsibility of this ministry, one of the most powerful British positions in Egypt was the Adviser to the MPW.  Held in succession by W. Garstin, A. Webb, C.E. Dupuis, and M. MacDonald this office advocated grand irrigation schemes, which included dams on the equatorial lakes at the sources of the Nile, a canal to bypass the Sudd, and dams in the Gezira region of Sudan (a fertile penisula at the junction of the White and Blue Nile rivers).  These plans did not progress, because of the war and lack of political control in the upper 
					                 
Nile.  In addition, then as now, controlling the flow of the Nile was a political issue critical to all who lived along its long course.  A bitter feud, which ended the Egyptian careers of the antagonists M. MacDonald, who proposed the ambitious Gezira project, and M.R. Kennedy & W. Willcocks, who were vehemently opposed to it, erupted over the accuracy of the research data used in planning.  The politics of Nilotic riparian rights was complicated by those for self-rule.  It was not until 1929, that the first treaty was signed to allot water flow proportions to Egypt and Sudan.  As these countries continue grow, the politics become more vital.
                                                     ~~
@@Revenue Office
[ Bank ]

The Egyptian government used local Revenue Offices to supervise the collection of taxes.  Most of the revenues for the Egyptian government came from land and house taxes and duties on crops (e.g. tobacco).  Other more onerous income sources used by the pre-1882 Ottoman government, including the highly resented salt tax, were abolished.

                                                     ~~

@@Masjid
[ Cathedral ]

Literally a place of bowing down, Masjids are houses of Islamic worship.  They are traditionally less ornate than Mosques.  To reflect the simmering resentment of British and Turk rule, Masjids are less effective in cities controlled by these empires.  In contrast, Masjids are more effective in Sanussi cities.

                                                     ~~

@@Oriental Secretary
[ University ]
Ronald Storrs was the Oriental Secretary to the Commisioner of Egypt during the tenures of Kitchener, MacMahon, and Wingate.  At the time, government officials in London were startlingly ignorant of issues in the Near East (Fromkin).  They willingly ceded responsibility in this area to the strong-willed Kitchener, who in turn delegated it to relatively low level professionals in Cairo.  Storrs was a principal decision maker in this hierarchy, with influence far beyond his official position.  Lawrence called him the most brilliant Englishman in the Near East.  Fromkin accuses him of being too intuitive and uncritical of primary intelligence sources.  Both acknowledge his substantial influence on policy.                  ~~
@@Russell Pasha
[ Mass Transit ]

The police of Cairo and Alexandria contained a large number of Europeans.  Although this number dwindled during the Great War, the commandant remained in British hands.  Fortunately, this was held by a very capable person.

Thomas Wentworth Russell served the Egyptian police for 44 years.  Joining the Egyptian Civil Service as an Inspector in the Ministry of the Interior in 1902, he was instrumental in the creation of the Sudanese Camel Corps (1906) that protected the Nile farmers from Bedouin cattle rustlers.  This unit provided a bright spot in the crime statistics of 
					                 
Egypt at the time.  He was promoted to Assistant Commandant of Police in Alexandria in 1911 just prior to the Italo-Ottoman war in Libya, where he faced drug smuggling, white slavery, and Turkish 
officers slipping through Egypt to Libya.  

As passport officer in Alexandria, Thomas Russell observed Turkish officers passing themselves off as other than what they were to obtain passports to enter Libya.  Without specific instructions and lacking proof of their true profession, he used to pass them through.  One day he suddenly called to attention in Turkish six of them claiming to be grocers and butchers, and, as he put it, up they sprang like 
					                 
ramrods!  Tolefson

In 1917 he became the Commandant of the Cairo Police, where he served until his retirement in 1946.  He was highly respected in Egypt 
and internationally for his dedication, resourcefulness, and energy.  

                                                     ~~




@@Native Administrator
[ Colosseum ]

Fellahin, bedouins, and Nilotic tribes tolerated British colonial rule.  This was in part because the British relied on local leaders: Mamurs, Umdahs, Nazirs, and others.  Away from colonial centers, this process was more of an assimilation of traditional government, but closer to Cairo and Khartoum, there was a formal system of provincial councils and courts.  

In contrast to the Ottoman era, there was some oversight of these leaders.  Umdah commissions kept these mayors into account.  In Bedouin areas, the Kitchener created his first Arab Bureau (not to be 
					                 
confused with the intelligence unit in which Lawrence served), which worked with Bedouin sheiks to address Bedouin grievances and crime.  

                                                     ~~







@@Military Labour Bureau
[ Factory ]

The Egyptian Directorate of Labour recruited large numbers of workers to serve in the Egyptian Labour Corps and Camel Transport Companies, peaking in 1918 at 270,000 6-month contracts.  These were organised into single- and double-companies for work in Egypt, the Sinai, Palestine, France, Mesopotamia, and Salonika.  

In order to effect economy and utilise all local sources of casual labour, Military Labour Bureaux had been successfully established at Alexandria and Port Said in 1916....

					                 
The chief difficulty at the onset was the natural tendency of the population to hold aloof until they understood the new rgime and government, and this was augmented by the necessity of their becoming accustomed to receive wages in a new currency.  In fact, at every Labour Bureau opened, the initial work was largely concerned in creating confidence in the local inhabitants with totally new conditions, and in every case such confidence was uniformly and quickly established.

Payment initially was made in coin to each separate labourer at the finish of each days work.  As soon as confidence was assured and 
					                 
the number of employees consequently increased, a weekly system of paymentpartly in paper and partly in coinwas instituted.  Each labourer had a numbered green armlet and a pay-slip which was marked up and checked at least twice a day.  

Recruitment was resented.  In semi-feudal Egypt, local governments often resorted to a corve to meet recruiting quotas.  Up to 200 Egyptian police died from recruiting incidents (Goldberg).   Frequently, contracts were neither well-explained nor assiduously honored.  The resulting animosity from this and other wartime practices (e.g. cotton and fodder requisitions at sub-market prices) 
					                 
eventually erupted in the revolt in 1919 that led to Egyptian independence.

Since Military Labour Bureaux require exorbitant maintenance in EAv2(8,000 per month), they are only cost-effective in cities containing squares with camps.  If the number of pickaxes that are generated by the MLB exceeds the maintenance cost, then its probably worthwhile to build and keep an MLB.  Otherwise its unprofitable.

Lt. Col. H.J. Higgs, Egyptian Labour Corps in The Advance of the EEF, July 1917 to October 1918, Compiled from Official Sources.
					                 
 Peasants in Revolt - Egypt 1919.  Ellis Goldberg.  Int. J. Middle East Studies, 24:261-280 (1992).

                                                     ~~







@@ASC MT Workshop
[ Manufacturing Plant ]
     The campaign in Palestine has been described as the war of the truck versus the wagon (Nicolle).  The Allies were able to project and fuel a large offensive through the use of meticulously planned motorised supply transport.  Eventually, some 16% of the EEFs ASC was assigned to mechanical transport.
     The ASC maintained its fleet of cars, trucks, ambulances, and caterpillar tractors with Motor Transport Workshops, which were depts specializing in repair and fitting new tyres.  The theatre was rough on tyres, which usually need replacing after 2,000 miles.
                                                     ~~
@@Heavy AA Bty RA
[ SDI defense ]

Represents a concentration of antiaircraft artillery.  The Great War inaugurated both aircraft as a weapon, and quick-firing artillery as a counter.  The British relied on a Quick Firing 3 inch 20cwt gun.

                                                     ~~

@@Provost Cps Det
[ Recycling Center ]

This represents a Royal Army Military Police detachment.  Their name was derived from a band around their caps.  Occasionally redcaps had to stifle civil unrest and prevent resting troops from becoming too unruly.  Unrest in this scenario is depicted by Civ2 pollution (i.e. sabotage).  This improvement reduces sabotage significantly in highly productive cities, but does not eliminate it from the more populous ones.

                                                     ~~
@@Indian Base Dept
[ Power Plant ]

EFFECT: When completed, the IS Cav Bde (1 IA Lancers) is transferred to the EEF.  

In El Aurens, the IBD needs a Redcaps improvement to limit the increased saboteur potential associated with this improvement.  This simulates (and overstates) the potential for mutiny among Indian Muslim troops.  

DESCRIPTION: The Indian Base Dept represents the supply system for the substantial Indian Army contingent in the EEF.  The Indian 
					                 
Army had many unique ordnance requirements, particularly in food and uniforms. 

Mutinies did occur in the Indian Army at Singapore and Basra, but these were small and isolated.  Overall, Indians were overwhelmingly loyal to the crown over the Caliph.

                                                     ~~



@@ANZAC Base Dept
[ Hydro Plant ]

The Great War led to the development of elaborate supply networks.  Supplies were passed from Base Depts to Regulating Stations to Advanced Supply Depts to Refilling Points to the front-line.  

Each nation maintained its own base depts to support the unique requirements of its army.  This one represents the support for the considerable Australian and New Zealand presence in the theatre.

                                                     ~~
@@Egyptian Base Dept
[ Nuclear Plant ]

EFFECT: When completed, the Southern Force (3 Ford Lt Cars) becomes available for service in the Sudan.  In the scenario, the Egyptian Armys potential for revolt is simulated (and exaggerated) by the use of Civ2s Nuclear Meltdown.

DESCRIPTION: Organised prior to Kitcheners conquest of the Sudan, the Anglo-Egyptian Army was modeled after the Indian Army.  It was composed primarily of infantry with some cavalry, artillery, and an elite camel corps.  Most of its soldiers were Sudanese.  During the war it was charged with the protection of the Sudan from the Fur and other 
					                 
rebellious groups.  It also provided a few units to help in Arabia, southern Sinai, and the desert oases.  In these roles it served well and was generally reliable, but a few small mutinies, a disconcerting desertion rate, and a reluctance of its troops to serve in Arabia discouraged leaders from using it more extensively.

                                                     ~~




@@Anglo-Palestine C&
[ Stock Exchange ]

The World Zionist Organisation in 1899 established the Jewish Colonial Trust (Jdische Colonialbank), which in turn established a subsidiary, the Anglo-Palestine Company.  The company began operations in 1902, opened a branch in Jaffa (1903) and then opened a second in Jerusalem (1904). In 1906 it also opened a branch in Beirut (Adrian E. Tschgl).  In December, 1918, it reopened a branch in Jaffa.

                                                     ~~
@@Barrage Works [8]
[ Sewer System ]
Barrage Works represent elaborate irrigation systems required to support large populations (beyond size 8).  

From 1907 to 1917, the population of Egypt grew 1.29% to 12.7 million people.  During that period, there was a significant migration from rural areas to the larger cities of the Lower and Middle Nile (Hirofumi Tanada, Waseda Univ.).  This shift made acute the need to control Nile flooding.

The Egyptian Ministry of Public Works (MPW) was charged with water works, which was responsible for both local projects and 
					                 
projects aimed at controlling the entire Nile watershed.  

Given the responsibility of this ministry, one of the most powerful British positions in Egypt was the Adviser to the MPW.  Held in succession by W. Garstin, A. Webb, C.E. Dupuis, and M. MacDonald this office advocated grand irrigation schemes, which included dams on the equatorial lakes at the sources of the Nile, a canal to bypass the Sudd, and dams in the Gezira region of Sudan (a fertile penisula at the junction of the White and Blue Nile rivers).  These plans did not progress, because of the war and lack of political control in the upper 
Nile.  In addition, then as now, controlling the flow of the Nile was a 
					                 
political issue critical to all who lived along its long course.  A bitter feud, which ended the Egyptian careers of the antagonists M. MacDonald, who proposed the ambitious Gezira project, and M.R. Kennedy & W. Willcocks, who were vehemently opposed to it, erupted over the accuracy of the research data used in planning.

The politics of Nilotic riparian rights was complicated as former colonies gained independence.  It was not until 1929, that the first treaty was signed to allot water flow proportions to Egypt and Sudan.  As these countries continue to grow, the issue becomes more vital.
                                                     ~~
@@Irrig Wks Project
[ Supermarket ]

Represents local irrigation systems that boost the food production of city squares.  

From 1907 to 1917, the population of Egypt grew 1.29% to 12.7 million people.  During that period, there was a significant migration from rural areas to the larger cities of the Lower and Middle Nile (Hirofumi Tanada, Waseda Univ.).  This shift made acute the need to control Nile flooding.

The Egyptian Ministry of Public Works (MPW) was charged with 
					                 
water works, which was responsible for both local projects and projects aimed at controlling the entire Nile watershed.  

Given the responsibility of this ministry, one of the most powerful British positions in Egypt was the Adviser to the MPW.  Held in succession by W. Garstin, A. Webb, C.E. Dupuis, and M. MacDonald this office advocated grand irrigation schemes, which included dams on the equatorial lakes at the sources of the Nile, a canal to bypass the Sudd, and dams in the Gezira region of Sudan (a fertile penisula at the junction of the White and Blue Nile rivers).  These plans did not progress, because of the war and lack of political control in the upper 
					                 
Nile.  In addition, then as now, controlling the flow of the Nile was a political issue critical to all who lived along its long course.  A bitter feud, which ended the Egyptian careers of the antagonists M. MacDonald, who proposed the ambitious Gezira project, and M.R. Kennedy & W. Willcocks, who were vehemently opposed to it, erupted over the accuracy of the research data used in planning.

The politics of Nilotic riparian rights was complicated as former colonies gained independence.  It was not until 1929, that the first treaty was signed to allot water flow proportions to Egypt and Sudan.  As these countries continue to grow, the issue becomes more vital.
                                                     ~~
@@Marshalling Yard
[ Superhighway ]

The drive across the Sinai relied on the railroad.  A byproduct of this increase in rail traffic was increased trade.

                                                     ~~

@@Nabatean Ruins
[ Research Lab ]

These are placed in former centers of the Nabatean civilization purely for information purposes.  Since none of these cities are large, the original Civ2 benefit for these improvements is negligible for the Ottomans.  They are also dirt cheap and cost nothing to maintain.

The Nabateans established an empire in northern Arabia, southern Jordan, and eastern Sinai.  They developed sophisticated means to capture and store water, which was used in extensive irrigation systems.  Abutting Arabian, Assyrian, Egyptian, Greek and Roman empires, the Nabateans thrived on trade.  According to Strabo, they 
					                 
formed a democratic slaveless monarchy.

Chiseled into sandstone rock face by the Nabateans in the 6th century BC, Petra has been called the eighth wonder of the world.  The most dramatic facade is El Khazneh, the Treasury, which served as the final set in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.

                                                     ~~



@@FlaK Regt
[ SAM Missile Battery ]

With the advent of the combat airplane came specialised anti-aircraft batteries.  Germany supplied the Turks with 7.7cm FlaK.

                                                     ~~

@@Coastal Redoubt
[ Coastal Fortress ]

PLAYERS NOTE: U-Boats in El Aurens can attack ports.

To protect their long vulnerable coastline, the Turks built, with German assistance, many coastal forts manned with Naval guns and torpedoes.  Most protected Anatolia, but a few covered the major ports in the Levant and Akaba.  Similarly, the British protected major or exposed ports with batteries of the Royal Marine Artillery.  

                                                     ~~

@@British Base Dept
[ Solar Plant ]

EFFECT: When completed, the W.O. authorises the transfer of the 42 E Lanc (TF) and 52 Lowland (TF) divisions (6 Territorials) to the EEF.  It also causes the immediate completion of a Repl Draft Camp in Cairo.  British Base Depts have the advantage of eliminating all pickaxe-based sabotage.  

DESCRIPTION: Base depts were the main supply bases for an Allied army in the Great War.  They were usually located in ports.

                                                     ~~
@@Harbour
[ Harbor ]

In general, the Arabs of this region did not rely heavily on the sea for food.  For Ottoman subjects, this was further enforced by a Royal Naval blockade.  With this improvement Aab squares yield as much food as a non-irrigated Arz.  

                                                     ~~
@@Merchant Marine Docks
[ Offshore Platform ]

Most of the military matriel for the EEF had to be shipped.  This is reflected in Merchant Marine Docks, which improve a ports productivity.

                                                     ~~
@@Port of Transit
[ Airport ]

Ground units cross bodies of water by using Ports of Transit.  At times, these troop movements may be intercepted by U-Boats.  

                                                     ~~
@@Hijra
[ Police Station ]

The Hijra, or withdrawal, is the emigration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 AD (Wikipedia).  

Starting in 1908, the Ikhawan (brotherhood) of the Wahhabis settled in permanent agricultural settlements in the Najd region of the Arabian peninsula.  These settlements were called Hujar (plural of Hijra) to describe the religious migration of the Ikhawan.  In a hijra, the adherent practiced the correct sunna (custom) of the Prophet, a strictly orthodox code of ethics.  

					                 
Those who didnt agree with Wahhabi interpretations were usually convinced otherwise by force.  The zeolotry and violence of the Ikhawan instilled great fear into their opponents.  In the name of religion, the normal Bedouin rules of ghazzu (raiding) that protected homes, women, and children of opposing tribes were ignored.  

Although the Sanussi Ikhawan were not as violent and merciless as the Wahhabi brethren, their settlements maintained order partly by using intimidation.

                                                     ~~
@@Naval Docks
[ Port Facilities ]

Alexandria and Port Said had limited facilities for minor warship repairs.  These were the home ports for the Egypt Naval Division of the RN.  When air raids damaged seaplane tenders and other smaller ships, they were generally patched up in Egypt rather than England.

                                                     ~~
@@Spaceship Structural
[ Spaceship Structural ]

This represents the despatch of a Egyptian Labour Corps Company to France.  To meet ASC requirements, 29 must be sent by March, 1918.  

                                                     ~~
@@Labour Corps Coy
[ Spaceship Component ]

This represents the despatch of a Egyptian Labour Corps Double Company to France.  To meet ASC requirements, 14 must be sent by March, 1918: 7 Quarrying Double Coys and 7 Transport Double Coys.

                                                     ~~
@@Escort Flotilla
[ Spaceship Module ]

This represents the assignment of a single destroyer flotilla as escort for the despatch of the Egyptian Labour Corps to France.  To meet ASC requirements, 3 must be assigned by March, 1918: 1 each from the Royal, French, and Imperial Japanese Navies.

                                                     ~~
@@Crop Ctrl Commission []
[ Capitalization ]

While Egyptians did not directly supply troops for the war effort, they did make many sacrifices.  A major economic concession was to  supply grains and cotton at below market prices.  This was supervised by the Crop Control Commission, and is simulated in EAv2 by Civ2 Capitalization.  

                                                     ~~
@@Thos Cook & Son Ltd
[ Transporter ]

A name that is synonymous to the travel industry of Egypt is that of Thomas Cook. Thomas Cook was an English gentleman, who heralded the era of travel business in Egypt and opened the country as the prospective sight for spending winter holidays....

Khedive Ismail, viceroy Ottoman Empire, employed Cook as agent for Nile passenger traffic in 1870. This control of river traffic gave Thomas Cook and Sons an edge over their rivals and brought incalculable profit later. 

					                 
Cook was a true entrepreneur who tried to explore the psyche of the customers and looked after their probable inconveniencies. To make the travel more appealing and attractive Cooks travel-journal carried pictures of a Nile-steamer and pyramids. It certainly reminded and assured the people of the great traveling prospects that it offered. The Cook travel business almost had a monopoly in conducting tours to the exotica. The services included, comfort rides down the river Nile alongside visits to the sphinx and pyramids....

Cook had a remarkable foresight and he expanded his traveling business extensively basing it on the requirements of his customers. 
					                 
Winter sunlight, especially in the Upper Egypt worked as an elixir for handicaps and other people suffering from health problems....

In the year 1884-85, the Cooks transported the Anglo-Egyptian army on an expedition to rescue Charles Gordon from Khartoum. This was the first time the British army had to take the help of a private company....

The tourist industry of Egypt owes much to the Cooks. They hired the largest workforce in Egypt and gave the country a unique identity in the field of tourism industry. They foresaw the tremendous potentiality 
					                 
of Egypts tourism industry because the country holds an irresistible attraction for outsiders. 

 www.travellersinegypt.org/archives/2004/09/thomas_cook_son.html

                                                     ~~





@WONDER_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the WONDER.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry, but adjusted by NUM_IMPROVEMENTS.
; For example, Adam Smiths Trading Co. will be the 0th (remember,
; the list is zero based)(INDEX - NUM_INPROVEMENTS) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@WONDER_INDEX
1,			; Pyramids
2,			; Hanging Gardens
3,			; Colossus
4, 			; Lighthouse
5,			; Great Library
6, 			; Oracle
7,			; Great Wall
8, 			; Sun Tzus War Academy
9, 			; King Richards Crusade
10,			; Marco Polos Embassy
11,			; Michelangelos Chapel
12,			; Copernicus Observatory
13,			; Magellans Expedition
14,			; Shakespeares Theatre
15,			; Leonardos Workshop
16,			; J. S. Bachs Cathedral
17,			; Isaac Newtons College
18,			; Adam Smiths Trading Co.
19,			; Darwins Voyage
20,			; Statue of Liberty
21,			; Eiffel Tower
22,			; Womens Suffrage
23,			; Hoover Dam
24,			; Manhattan Project
25,			; United Nations
26,			; Apollo Program
27,			; SETI Program
28,			; Cure for Cancer
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@No Wonder
No wonder Im nuts.

@@Yildirim OG
[ Pyramids ]
The last large strategic reserve of the Ottoman Army was assembled into the Yildirim Ordular Grup or Thunderbolt army group.  Its name was a source of humor among the Germans, who believed that Turk and Blitz were mutually exclusive terms.  Despite the black humor, it was tough formation: veteran Turk infantry and cavalry were stiffened by the small but well-equipped Asien Korps.  This group arrived in the nick of time to prevent a breakthrough after the 3rd Battle of Gaza.  

After the battle, the Yildirim AG continued to receive the best of the remaining Turk replacements.  Although it has been claimed that in late 1918 the Turks starved Syria of support in order to invade the 
					                 
Caucasus, this is largely false.  The surge east in the wake of Russian Army collapse was conducted by troops already in the region, augmented by large numbers of locally raised irregulars (the Army of Islam).  

Meanwhile, the Turks stripped Thrace of vital reserves to reinforce the Syrian front.  This served to exacerbate the impact of the Bulgarian surrender.  British troops streamed east from Salonika into Thrace unopposed.  The Allies finally achieved the goal that was so elusive in 1915, an open route to Constaninople.
                                                       ~~
@@Hussein-McMahon Letters 
[ Hanging Gardens ]

In 1915-1916 Sir Henry McMahon, Kitcheners hand-picked Commissioner of Egypt, corresponded with Hussein.  These letters were instrumental in gaining Arab support against the Turks.  McMahons ambiguities, carefully worded empty promises, also generated postwar controversy that through the generations has helped fuel todays Israeli-Palestinian conflict.  

At the heart lie, Subject to the above modifications, Great Britain is prepared to recognise and support the independence of the Arabs in all the regions within the limits demanded by the Sherif of Mecca.  
					                 
The above modifications encompassed all of Iraq as well as northern and western Syria.   Palestine was not specifically covered, but at the time of writing it was claimed by France and therefore an area excluded from Arab self-rule.  

Neither party negotiated in good faith.  Hussein sought to replace the Ottoman Empire with a Hashemite kingdom, under the guise of Arab self-rule.  His fellow Arabs  Syrians, Iraqis, Shammaris, and Saudis  were contemptuous of his naked ambition.  For their part, the British never explained their modifications to his territorial claim.  
					                 
Nor did the British define the extent of advice and assistance to the nascent Arab government.  The British saw this as a rule by British Mandate with considerable Arab autonomy.  This was a liberal concept in the late colonial era.  The Arabs held that the letters constituted a promise of independence.  The difference led to decades of strife, providing an historical lesson to current politicians.

                                                       ~~



@@Suez Canal Company
[ Colossus ]

Exploiting the monumental debt incurred by the avaricious and fiscally incompetent Egyptian Khedive Tawfik, the British bought the controlling share of the Suez Canal in 1875.  At the time the French, who built the canal, were furious but helpless.  By 1914, almost eighty percent of Britains trade passed through the canal.  Indias importance to the British economy and war effort rendered the canal a vital artery.  Protecting this vulnerable channel was the seed that eventually grew into a justification to drive the Turks out of Palestine and Syria.

                                                       ~~
@@POW Camp
[ Lighthouse ]

Submarine warfare in the Great War was often a chivalrous affair, particularly in the Mediterranean Theatre.  Merchant sailors were given a chance to abandon ship before it was sunk.  Survivors were towed to shore. British sailors captured in this manner off Cyrenaica (Libya) were given to the Sanussi, who interned them at Bir Hakim.

They were liberated by a column of armored cars guided by the Egyptian Coast Guard Camel Corps.

                                                       ~~
@@Adv Ordnance Stores
[ Great Library ]

As a secondary theatre, the Near East rarely received large amounts of precious heavy artillery ordnance.  Ordnance requirements went beyond stockpiling ammunition.  Caterpillar tractors and trucks were needed for gun mobility; engineers were needed to prepare battery sites; mobile workshops were needed to keep guns and tractors in repair; and tyre presses to replace worn tyres (lifetime in this theatre was only 2,000 miles).  

Substantial stockpiles were accumulated prior to the Gaza and Megiddo offensives.  It was the shock of these heavy barrages that 
					                 
enabled infantry to breach the Turk lines.  

ABOUT THE PAINTING, Ammunition dump, Glisy: Arthur Streeton is best known as one of the painters of the Heidelberg School in Melbourne in the late nineteenth century. His name is linked with Tom Roberts, Charles Conder, and Frederick McCubbin as responsible for developing in Australia an impressionist technique of painting, and depicting scenes that embraced the nationalistic concerns of the last two decades of the nineteenth century. During his lifetime he was acknowledged as the finest painter of the Australian landscape; he was the first Australian painter to be honoured by a retrospective exhibition 
					                 
in his own lifetime; and only the second to be knighted.

 Australian War Memorial (http://cas.awm.gov.au), Collections,
ID Number: 	ART03486

                                                       ~~





@@Sayyid Ahmad
[ Oracle ]

Ahmad, the grand-nephew of al-Sanussi al-Kabir, the brotherhoods founder, led the Sanussi in its resistance to the Italians after they wrested sovereignity of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan (Libya) from the Ottomans in 1912.  This eventually led him into conflict with both the British and French as well.  Open warfare erupted in late 1915, and Ahmad led the brotherhood to a string of victories against both the Italians and the Egyptians.  The tide turned when the British and Italians reinforced the area, but the damage had been done.  Through Ahmad, the Turks achieved their objective in 1916-7, the diversion of large numbers of Allied troops from Sinai.
					                 
By mid 1917, the Sanussi were defeated in both Egypt and Cyrenaica.  Ahmad ceded leadership to his brother Idris and fled to Turkey.  The Sanussi signed an accord at Acroma (near Tobruk) with the Italians and British in return for autonomy in the interior regions of Cyrenaica and Fezzan.  After the war, the ceasefire soon dissolved and the Italians waged a ruthless campaign against the Sanussi.  

                                                       ~~



@@Sayyid Idris
[ Great Wall ]

Brother of Ahmad and grand-nephew of al-Sanussi al-Kabir, the Sanussi brotherhoods founder, Sayyid Idris eventually was crowned king of Libya.  When he succeeded his brother after defeat at the hands of the British, the Sanussi and their Bedouin adherents were starving and demoralized.  Idris replaced war with diplomacy by exchanging prisoners, signing the Accord at Akrama (April, 1917), and assisting Italians against pro-Turk tribes in Syrte and Tripolitania.  By 1922, the Italians recognized the Sanussi as the autonomous government of the inland oases of Jaghbub, Aujila, Jalu, and Kufra.  Within a year, however, the Italians under Fascism began a brutal 
					                 
campaign to conquer inland Libya.  By 1932, the Sanussis were defeated, but were restored to power after a brief protectorate period following WWII.  King Idris was recognized as ruler until deposed by Col. Gaddafi in 1968.


                                                       ~~




@@Mehmetiks Morale
[ Sun Tzus War Academy ]
In the Middle East, where the Arab peoples have little reason to be nostalgic about Ottoman rule, the Turkish soldier of the Great War is still remembered as Abu Shujaa, the father of courage, while his British opponent is remembered as Abu Alf Midfah, the father of a thousand guns (Nicolle).  The Turkish infantryman or mehmetik  was known to defend a fixed position to the last man.  His Achilles heel lay was his tendency to break when not well-led.  By 1918, four years of casualties severed the close bond between mehmetik and officer.  The soldier in the Megiddo plain of 1918 was a far cry from the one raiding trenches at Gallipoli.
                                                       ~~
@@ASC Artillery Park
[ King Richards Crusade ]

The Army Service Corps (ASC) maintained and supplied artillery using Artillery Parks.  Beyond ammunition, these assumed responsibility for tube replacements, transport maintenance, etc.  In ASC jargon, a park was a supply dept.

                                                       ~~
@@Iraki Oilfields
[ Marco Polos Embassy ]

The Great War marked the beginning of the age of oil.  It fueled the new oil-fired ships, airplanes, trucks, and tanks of the war.  The British were quick to recognise the importance of a stable supply of oil.  The objective of several offensive operations in the Fall of 1918 were oilfields.  Mosul, Iraq, lay in an area ceded to France in the Sykes-Picot Agreement.  The British captured it 3 days after the Mudros Armistice, an exploit that helped them keep control of it after the war.  This improvement represents the control of Iraq, a Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire.  Prior to these offensives, the left flank of the MEF was secured in brief offensive during the Spring of 1918.  This ended all 
					                 
Turkish influence on the Budhoos near oil-rich Abadan.

                                                       ~~








@@El Kaaba
[ Michelangelos Chapel ]

In the centre of Makka there is a small square building made of stones, about 60 feet long, 60 feet wide and 60 feet high. Since time immemorial this town and this stone built house has been known to world travellers. This is Baitullah, the House of Allah. Its sanctity and antiquity is older than history itself.

Tradition holds that the Kaaba was ordained by Allah to be built in the shape of the House in Heaven called Baitul Maamoor. Allah in his infinite Mercy ordained a similar place on earth and Prophet Adam was the first to build this place....There is no doubt that it (the Old 
					                 
Testament) was referring to the stone built house at Makka 

Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project (http://www.al-islam.org/kaaba14/1.htm).

                                                       ~~




@@Commissioner of Egypt
[ Copernicus Observatory ]

Reginald Wingate succeeded McMahon as High Commissioner of Egypt.  In contrast to the Indian Offices neglect of Arabia, he avidly supported the Arab revolt.  His sensitivity to Arab distrust of British motives permeated the Cairo Intelligence Department and Arab Bureau.

Reginald was the cousin of Orde Wingate, the father of modern guerrilla warfare.  British/Jewish Special Night Squads in Palestine, Gideon Force in Ethiopia, and Chindits in Burma were his creations.
                                                       ~~
@@Palestine Bde HQ
[ Magellans Expedition ]

In 1916, the Allies enjoyed a slight numerical superiority in the air, but their planes were inferior.  The Turks, using German pilots, had the edge.  By late 1918, the Allies overwhelmed the Germans in both numbers and quality to gain an air supremacy that deprived the Turks of any aerial reconnaissance.  At Megiddo, the Palestine Brigade consisted of two air wings for a total of 7 squadrons.

                                                       ~~
@@Eastern Camel Transport Dept
[ Shakespeares Theatre ]

EFFECT: When the Dept is completed, the War Office grants the Imperial Camel Cps (a Civ2 advance), which leads to an upgrade of the Camel Bn to the Camel Bde.

DESCRIPTION: The Camel Transport Corps was organised under the ASC to transport supplies from depts to the frontline by Camel.  Throughout 1917-1918 it employed 25-35,000 camels organised into companies of 2,000 (1,200 after Feb, 1918).  Egyptian drivers and handlers were commanded by British officers.  

					                 
Egypt has provided transport personnel, drivers for the Camel Transport Corps, and men for the Egyptian Labour Corps in large numbers, in addition to several units of the Egyptian Army.  These have all done work which, though unostentatious, has been of great value.  During the operations in the hills of Juda, and of Moab, the troops often depended for their supplies on the Camel Transport Corps.  The drivers displayed steadiness under fire and devotion to duty in the face of cold and rain, which they had never experienced previously.  The Egyptian Labour Corps shared these hardships.  The construction and maintenance of roads was a task of considerable importance and difficulty during the rainy season, and threw a great strain on the 
					                 
Egyptian Labour Corps.  Its successful accomplishment reflects credit on the Corps.  The Egyptian authorities have complied at once with all requests that I have made, and my thanks are due to them for their loyal support.   E.H.H. Allenby, September 18, 1918

The compliance and loyal support of the Egyptian government caused great resentment, as 500,000 Egyptians were recruited into the CTC and ELC.

As the British pressed the campaign into Palestine in the spring of 1917, they increased their demands on Egyptians for labor and 
					                 
supplies.  Camels and mules were requisitioned by the tens of thousands, along with fodder and grain to feed them.  The heaviest burden came with the recruiting of Egyptians for the Labour Corps, the Camel Transport Corps, and similar units.  When volunteers were not forthcoming, the government adapted the tactic of adminstrative pressure.  This was essentially conscription, though it was not labeled as such.  It effectively reintroduced the corve, a widely loathed system of collective forced labor that had been used for centuries in Egypt to dig and maintain irrigation canals (including the Suez Canal) and had been eliminated only a generation earlier.  In his memoirs, writer Salama Musa records seeing men in wartime bound with thick 
					                 
ropes around their waists and put in a long row with their fellow victims, and marched like that to the village office, ... to be consequently deported to Palestine. 

 Borderlines: Genders and Identities in War and Peace 1870-1930 By Billie Melman

                                                       ~~



@@War Office 
[ Leonardos Workshop ]

The War Office (W.O.) administered the British military.  Strategy and policy were decided in the more political War Cabinet, but the details of operation were left to the W.O.

                                                       ~~

@@Port of Akaba
[ J. S. Bachs Cathedral ]

The capture of Akaba by Audas Bedouins ignited the Arab Revolt.  Strategically, it allowed the supply of Arab forces that threatened Maan, Amman, and Deraa.  Akabas capture had a tremendous impact on morale as well.  Virtually on their own, desert Bedouins captured an Ottoman citadel with ease.  The revolting Arabs irrevocably gained the initiative and could control the desert at will.

                                                       ~~

@@Sykes-Picot Agreement
[ Isaac Newtons College ]

The Sykes Picot agreement, concluded in 1916, divided the Middle East into areas of influence for France, Great Britain and others, giving the French control over modern Syria, Lebanon, and northern Iraq. Most of Palestine was to have been under international control.  Though the agreement mentions the possibility of cessions by either side to an Arab state, it in fact made it impossible for Great Britain to honor the promises made by Sir Henry McMahon to Sherif Hussayn in 1915 -www.mideastweb.org.

The British force behind the S-P Agreement was Lord Kitchener, who 
					                 
also fostered the Hussain-McMahon Letters. Lloyd George tried to derail this agreement from 1917 onwards.  Starting in 1918, Allenby actively promoted Arab self-rule in areas promised to the French under the auspices of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration, East (O.E.T.A.E.).  The MEF made a last minute grab of Mosul, which lay in the French zone of Iraq, before hostilities ended.  British support of a demilitarised Rhineland was given with the expectation that France would modify its claims to the Levant.  

The derailment was only partially successful.  France relinquished claims to Iraq, yielding valuable oil reserves to Britains Iraqi Mandate, 
					                 
but remained intransigent when faced with adamant Syrian claims for independence.  Eventually they evicted Feisal from Damascus and took control of Syria and Lebanon.

Britain never resolved the conflicts generated by the S-P Agreement, the H-M Letters, and the Balfour Declaration.  Instead, the conflicts have festered to lead to todays Palestinian-Israeli standoff. 

                                                       ~~


@@Colonial Office
[ Adam Smiths Trading ]

Great Britain was the center of the worlds largest empire in 1914, and the commercial reward was great.  In large part, it was administered by the Colonial Office.

                                                       ~~
@@EEF Reorganization
[ Darwins Voyage ]

The appointment of Allenby to command the EEF represented a turning point.  It showed that the War Office was making a major commitment to the theatre.  Allenby quickly earned his nickname, the Bull, and did an admirable job of both resuscitating the morale of the EEF and meticulously planning the successful Third Battle of Gaza.

                                                       ~~

@@Mudros Armistice
[ Statue of Liberty ]
Through a Byzantine labyrinth of diplomatic channels, including an American consul in Spain, an escaped POW at large in Constantinople (Colonel Stewart Newcombe), and General Townshend (the GOC captured at Al Kut) the Ottoman Empire entered into negotiations with the Allies.  At noon on October 30 1918, Rauf Bey and Admiral Calthorp signed an armistice on the deck of HMS Agememnon in Mudros Harbor on the island of Lemnos.  The sun had set on the Sublime Porte, and the violent birth of the secular nation of Turkey lay on the horizon.
                                                       ~~
@@Bulgarian Armistice
[ Eiffel Tower ]

The Bulgarian monarchy was the first Central Power to surrender.  The collapse came from within the country.  Although the army defended the Salonika front so well that its opponents were called the Gardeners of Salonika, the economy failed.  Disillusioned soldiers in Macedonia, seeing no chance for victory, mutinied and marched on Sofia.  The mutineers failed to capture the capital, but the writing was on the wall.  The Bulgarians signed a cease-fire and King Boris II was deposed.

This departure left the Ottoman Empire in an untenable position.  
					                 
Reeling from offensives in Syria and Mesopotamia, the Turks were suddenly cut off from Germany.  The captured British General Townshende was sent to the Isle of Mudros to negotiate an armistice.

                                                       ~~






@@Balfour Declaration
[ Womens Suffrage ]

The Letter:
				Foreign Office,
				November 2nd, 1917

Dear Lord Rothschild:
     I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majestys Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet:
     His Majestys Government view with favor the establishment in 
					                 
Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.
     I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.

Yours,
Arthur James Balfour
					                 
                                               ~~~  ~~~

One of three conflicting treaties made by England over Palestine, the Balfour Declaration promised a Palestinian homeland for Jews.  It was very effective in rallying Jewish capital and recruits for the Great War.  Unfortunately, since the Hussein-McMahon letters were never clarified regarding the fate of Palestine, these two agreements are difficult to reconcile at best and in direct conflict at worst.  The modern legacy of this ambiguity is the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

                                                       ~~
@@German Military Mission 
[ Hoover Dam ]

German military assistance to the Ottoman Empire beganafter the Russo-Turkish War and grew slowly over the years.  By 1914 German influence was substantial as a result of the presence of the German Military Mission. In August 1916, there were approximately 6,500 German officers and soldiers in Ottoman territory.  Actual German combat strength was minimal.  By far the most valuable contribution that Germany made to the Turkish war effort was in its continued willingness to provide highly trained General Staff officers -Erickson.

                                                       ~~
@@O.E.T.A.East
[ Manhattan Project ]

As the Allies captured Ottoman territory problems of civil administration developed.  The population was largely starved by the effects of blockade and war, yet celebratory about the prospect of self-rule.  This was fortunate, for the Allies were ill-equipped to control a hostile population.

The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration, East was an attempt to give Arabs responsibility for governing Syrian lands captured from the Turks.  Feisal was the leader recognised by Allenby.  The OETAE did not evolve into a civilian government after the war.  Feisal was unable 
					                 
to find a compromise that suited the French, the Syrian nationalists, and his own ambitions.  The French expelled him from Damascus in 1920.

                                                       ~~






@@German Armistice
[ United Nations ]




	      At 1100, 11-11-1918 the guns fell silent.




                                                       ~~
@@Sultan ali Dinar
[ Apollo ]

Darfur, home of the Fur people, was a remote western province of the Sudan.  The sultan of Darfur, ali Dinar, became increasingly antagonistic toward the government in Khartoum.  A threat to the rear of the British facing the Turks across the Suez, the Fur had to be neutralised.  With no Western troops available, an expeditionary force was formed from 18 companies of the Egyptian Army.  The real achievement of this campaign lay not so much in military success against a ferocious but primitive opposition, but in overcoming immense logistical obstacles.  Ali Dinars capital at al Fasher lay almost 1,000km from the Nile -D. Nicolle.  
					                 
Once the sultan was eliminated, raiding by the Fur ceased, releasing a few Egyptian Army units stationed in the Sudan for garrison duty in Egypt.  Many remained, however to quell minor tribal uprisings throughout the remainder of the war.

                                                       ~~





@@Indian Office (I.O.)
[ SETI ]

India was the Crown Jewel of all the British colonies.  So important was it to Britain that it was directly represented in the Cabinet by the Indian Office.  Since at least 1756, it fielded its own intelligence arm known as the Political and Secret Department.

Initially, the Indian Office governed protectorates on the Arabian peninsula.  This led to a conservative colonial attitude toward operations in Mesopotamia and Arabia.  A tradition of sustaining colonial military operations with slim improvised supply networks, worked well throughout Victorias reign.  It failed disastrously at 
					                 
Al Kut.  

The I.Os parochial attitude toward Arabs in general fed this disaster, for they were never able to distract Turks with friendly Iraqi irregular forces.  This attitude extended to the Hashemites, whom the I.O. completely ignored.  After Al Kut, operations in both Mesopotamia and Arabia fell under the direct control of the War Office and the Egyptian High Commissioner.  


                                                       ~~
@@Dome of the Rock
[ Cure for Cancer ]

Of all of the cities in Palestine and Syria, none captured the British publics imagination as much as Jerusalem.  When Allenby captured the city just before Christmas, 1917, the morale boost was palpable.

For Muslims, the Dome of the Rock encloses a huge rock located at its center, from which, according to tradition, the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven at the end of his Night Journey. 

                                                       ~~
@UNIT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the UNITS.PDE and UNITS2.PDE text ;files in the original Civilopedia, strung together to make one contiguous section. (French and German ;versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Settlers will be the 50th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@UNIT_INDEX
0,	; Settlers	= Guards
1,	; Engineers	= RE/Works Coy
2,	; Warriors	= Territorials
3,	; Phalanx	= Infantry (1917)
4,	; Archers	= IA Recruits
5,	; Legion		= IA Regulars 
6,	; Pikemen	= Tirailleurs
7,	; Musketeers	= Terrain
8,	; Fanatics	= Mstahfiz
9,	; Partisans	= Dmdar Kolu
10,	; Alpine Troops	= Judeans 
11,	; Riflemen	= Boundary
12,	; Marines	= Garrison Bn
13,	; Paratroopers	= Lawrence
14,	; Mech. Inf.	= Shakespear
15,	; Horsemen	= Hussein 
16,	; Chariot	= Auda
17,	; Elephant	= Naval Inf
18,	; Crusaders	= Gurkhas
19,	; Knights	= EA Infantry
20,	; Dragoons	= Arab Regs
21,	; Cavalry	= QF 3 20cwt AA
22,	; Armor		= Siege Arty
23,	; Catapult	= Mountain Arty
24,	; Cannon	= Camel Arty
25,	; Artillery	= Hejaz Rwy Stn
26,	; Howitzer	= Scouts
27,	; Fighter	= U-Boat
28,	; Bomber	= Arab Camel Cps
29,	; Helicopter	= EA Camel Cps
30,	; Stlth Ftr.	= Camel Bn
31,	; Stlth Bmbr.	= Camel Bde
32,	; Trireme	= Agordat Cml Cps
33,	; Caravel	= Agayl Camelry
34,	; Galleon	= Light Horse
35,	; Frigate	= NZ Mtd Rifles
36,	; Ironclad	= Yeomanry
37,	; Destroyer	= IA Lancers
38,	; Cruiser	= Ford Lt Cars
39,	; AEGIS Cruiser	= Rolls Royce AC 
40,	; Battleship	= AutoMG
41,	; Submarine	= Mark IV Tanks
42,	; Carrier		= Gunboat Flot
43,	; Transport	= DD Flotilla
44,	; Cruise Msl.	= Monitor Flot
45,	; Nuclear Msl.	= Feisal
46,	; Diplomat	= Ikhawan
47,	; Spy		= Bedouins
48,	; Caravan	= Transports
49,	; Freight	= Cruiser Div
50,	; Explorer	= RNAS Flight
51,	; Extra Land	= RFC Flight
52,	; Extra Ship	= Recce
53,	; Extra Air	= Scout Fighter
54,	; Test Unit 1	= Recce Bomber
55,	; Test Unit 2	= Tren
56,	; Test Unit 3	= EK Pascha I
57,	; Test Unit 4	= Jandarma 
58,	; Test Unit 5	= Dept Regt
59,	; Test Unit 6	= Dept
60,	; Test Unit 7	= Picquet Line
61,	; Test Unit 8	= Redoubt System
62,	; Syrians
63,	; Anatolians
64,	; Camel Coy
65,	; EK Pascha II
66,	; Sturmtruppen
67,	; Tribal Vols
68,	; Mtd Infantry
69,	; Svari
70,	; Feldhaubitz
71,	; Gebirgshaubitz
72,	; Pzkw Mg Zug
73,	; Minefield
74,	; Airplane Coy
75,	; Pascha FA
76,	; Adwar Camp
77,	; Muhafizia
78,	; Mujahid
79,	; Canal Defences
-2,	; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Guard
In the game, immobile Guard units help maintain civil order and deter Ikhawan (Civ2 Paratrooper) raids.  They do not require shields for maintenance.  For historical flavor, these units have sub-titles in the Status pane.  

In Civ2 terms, they are immobile trade units that cannot be disbanded.  Consequently, the commodity (i.e. the sub-title) has no bearing on game play.  Except in more remote oases, they are rarely a cost-effective choice to build, but those present at the start often prove their limited worth.

Colonial Egypt, Sudan, and Libya maintained paramilitary police 
					                 
organizations to enforce indirect colonial rule.  In terms of cost, local acquiescence, and domestic support, this was a much more effective solution than deploying large numbers of European or Indian troops.  Unfortunately, the colonial powers inherited a corrupt police culture from the Ottomans.  The British succeeded in reforming Egyptian police to a small degree, but the reformers were mostly hindered by the desire to maintain police with a tight budget.  Augmentation of meager salaries with bribes was not uncommon.  Pressure to keep the crime statistics down did lead to some brutal interrogations.  Unfortunately, too many of these tendencies stayed with the Egyptian police after independence.
					                 
The British governed Egypt with a complex structure.  From 1882 to 1914, they assisted the Ottoman government.  At the outset of war with the Sublime Porte, Egypt was immediately annexed as a protectorate.  Police work continued largely as under the peacetime structure, but using martial law.  

The backbone of police work in Egypt was performed by urban constabularies and village ghaffirs (literally watchmen).  The former employed large numbers of European expatriates, although many left the police to join their respective armies by 1916 (e.g. Cacciatore di Palestina).  Beyond this backbone, a number of police units were 
					                 
formed to face specific challenges.  At the time, slavery trafficking in both sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans (i.e. white slavery) was a serious problem.  Smuggling in general, and drug trade in particular, remained endemic as well.  In addition, both Bedouin-Fellahin relations in the Sinai, and labor relations in the mines east of Aswan had a history of conflict.  The Egyptian government ministries raised police units for these specific tasks: hence the Anti-Slavery Department Police, the Coast Guard, the Mining Police, and the Sinai Camel Police.  It was discovered that the Sudanese tended to be less corrupt and more respected than the usual Egyptian/European combination, so Sudanese Foot and Camel Police were raised in 
					                 
Sinai, Al Minya, and Beni Suef.  

In the Sudan itself, which was governed by the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium since the overthrow of the Mahdi in 1899, yet another set of paramilitaries were formed.  Gendarmes, which in Egypt had been converted to army infantry units in the 1890s, still performed police work in the Sudan.  The Anti-Slavery Department of Egypt and Sudan had split in the early 1900s to national departments.  The Sudanese Slavery Department was far less effective than its Egyptian equivalent.  The Sudanese government was willing to sacrifice abolition to gain more popular support.  Many units in the Egyptian 
					                 
army, including the Nuba Rifles and the Arab Half Battalions, served as garrisons to maintain peace in more remote areas.  

In neighboring Cyrenaica (Libya), the Italians used metropolitan Bersaglieri as well as native Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza units.  Although their primary role was one of law enforcement, these organizations frequently formed the first line of defense against Sanussi and other rebels, where the Libyan units proved generally useless.  


@@RE/Works Coy
The Royal Engineers sent a half dozen companies specializing in railway building and repair to Egypt.  These were supported by large numbers of conscripted and volunteer Egyptian laborers.  Overall coordination of the RE and Egyptian Labour Corps fell under the auspices of the British Army Service Corps (ASC).  The culmination of their efforts, the Trans-Sinai railway, was the key to victory in the Sinai and Palestine.

PLAYER'S NOTE: Air units may end their turn in a square with a RE/Works Coy unit.  This represents a forward air strip.  If you choose to take advantage of this, please end the RE/Works Coy unit's movement in the same square.

@@Territorials
During the Great War, the British Army was transformed from a small experienced colonial army to the largest national army ever fielded by Great Britain.  In 1914 and early 1915, there were qualitative differences between veteran guards and regular (old contemptibles) battalions at the high end of the scale and second-line territorial or newly recruited New Army units.  Infantry sent to the Near East came from the latter recruiting classifications.  By 1916, however, the shocking attrition rate had largely eliminated these distinctions.  

Skirmish line tactics, poor small unit initiative, and lack of sufficient integral heavy weapons limited the offensive potential of British infantry during the first half of the war.  This is reflected in the poor 
					                 
AF rating of Territorials when compared with late war infantry or dominion mounted infantry.  	

In El Aurens, Territorials are best used in an aggressive defensive role.  Use them as primary defenders of newly taken cities or other positions that the Turks will attack.  





@@Infantry (1917)
During the Great War, the British Army was transformed from a small experienced colonial army to the largest national army ever fielded by Great Britain.  In an agonizing process, tactics and weaponry evolved over the course of the war.  By 1918, human wave attacks were replaced by more effective combined arms assaults integrating artillery, infantry, and tanks.  Although the British never fielded offensive specialists such as the German Stotruppen, the tactics used by average British infantry formation were quite advanced by 1914 standards.  By late 1918, British infantry could and did spearhead dramatically successful offensives in France and Palestine.

In El Aurens, Infantry (1917) represents British infantry with trench 
					                 
mortar support.  It possesses an AF equal to that of the Light Horse brigades, but an MF of 2 /.









@@Indian Recruits
During the Great War, the Indian Army was the largest volunteer army in the world.  Indians served in France, Greece, Egypt/Palestine, Mesopotamia, Southeast Africa, and a host of other far-flung posts.  Due to prevailing prejudices and a mixed record early in the war, too little credit is given to them.  Simply put, without the Indian Army, victory in Palestine and Mesopotamia would not have been possible.  Remarkably, this largely Muslim army fought reliably for Britain in the face of a call for a pro-German Islamic Jihad by the Caliph in Istanbul.

Indian infantry underwent the same refinement in tactics and weaponry as the British.  Up to late 1917, Indian infantry were largely relegated to secondary tasks in the EEF.  The Indian Recruits unit 
					                 
represents the infantry at this early stage of the campaign.  It is very similar in capability to the Territorials unit.  The slightly lower values reflect Great Britains policy to provide the latest weapons to her own army first.  Dominion and Indian armies were not quite as well equipped.






@@ IA Regulars
During the Great War, the Indian Army was the largest volunteer army in the world.  Indians served in France, Greece, Egypt/Palestine, Mesopotamia, Southeast Africa, and a host of other far-flung posts.  Due to prevailing prejudices and a mixed record early in the war, too little credit is given to them.  Simply put, without the Indian Army, victory in Palestine and Mesopotamia would not have been possible.  Remarkably, this largely Muslim army fought reliably for Britain in the face of a call for a pro-German Islamic Jihad by the Caliph in Istanbul.

Indian infantry underwent the same refinement in tactics and weaponry as the British.  By late 1918, the Indian Army provided the bulk of the infantry in the EEF.   It was this infantry that shattered the 
					                 
front lines of the Turks at Megiddo.  

The Indian Regulars unit represents the infantry at this late stage of the campaign.  It is very similar in capability to the Infantry (1917) unit.  The slightly lower values reflect Great Britains policy to provide the latest weapons to her own army first.  Dominion and Indian armies were not quite as well equipped.




@@Tirailleurs
Dtachment Franais de Palestine et Syrie was an understrength colonial brigade assigned to the EEF for political symbolism.  Composed of Algerian Tirailleurs, Asian & American Armenian volunteers, and a few Syrians, it was neither given much support by the French nor much responsibility by the British.  It mounted an attack on the first day of the Megiddo campaign, and then advanced to occupy Lebanese cities after their capture.   To reflect both the ethnic diversity in the DFPS (Arabs and Armenians) and the difficulty in supporting a colonial French brigade amidst a British imperial army, Tirailleurs are represented by smaller (battalion- rather than brigade-sized) units.

					                 
The French mobilised large numbers of West African riflemen or Tirailleurs from Algeria, Senegal, and French Soudan (Mali, Guinea, Mauritania, Niger, and Upper Volta).  Like the Indian Army in the British Empire, they served throughout the French Empire, particularly in theatres for which the French could not spare metropolitan units.  

The French mobilised Armenians into the Legion dOrient of the Dtachment Franais de Palestine et Syrie.  The Armenian population was decimated under 20th century Ottoman rule.  As evidenced at Baku in 1918, they were capable of committing atrocities themselves.  Repercussions of these crimes still reverberate today.  Though 
					                 
clouded by biased accounts of the events, one clear fact emerges: by 1918 there was a highly motivated pool of Asian and American Armenian recruits eager to fight in the Levant.  The French mobilised Armenians into the Legion dOrient of the Dtachment Franais de Palestine et Syrie.  Some Turks accuse this Legion of crimes against civilians in 1919.





@@Terrain
This is used to represent truly impassable terrain in the scenario.  It cannot be destroyed by combat.

@@Mstahfiz
Mstahfiz were the territorial recruiting class of the Ottoman Army.  Usually they were middle-aged soldiers serving as garrisons.  Representing small company-sized outposts with a strong desire to survive, these units have a 0d/7h/5f rating.  They may inflict some damage on an attacking unit, but will likely be defeated by most Allied units.  

@@Dmdar Kolu
These units have the Civ2 partisan role.

Translated as rearguard column, the skillful defense of these ad hoc formations were a key to Turkish tenacity throughout the Great War.  Repeatedly remnants from decimated units managed to mount effective delaying actions that blunted Allied breakthroughs at Erzerum, Van, Baghdad, and Gaza

@@Judeans
After the Balfour Declaration, the British army was pressured to form a Jewish Legion, officially the 38th-40th battalions of Royal Fusiliers regiment.  These were deployed in Palestine in 1918. Although relegated to a secondary sector by leaders who did not support the Zionist cause, they fought well, forcing the Jordan fords against heavy opposition.

@@Boundary
This is used to denote a historically recognised border between two tribes or colonies.  It cannot be destroyed by combat.

@@Garrison Bn
These almost immobile units are just strong enough to guard rear areas and enforce martial law.

Hidden in the EEF Order of Battle under the Line of Communications Command, the Western Frontier Force, the Southern Force, and the Delta Force are about a dozen Garrison battalions.  These were manned by soldiers too old or injured to serve in the front lines.  The battalions  performed a critical role by enforcing marshal law and keeping desert raiders at bay.

Also serving in this role were several Italian colonial units (Corpo di Spedizione Italiano per la Siria e la Palestina, which grew from a few 
					                 
companies in 1916 to an understrength brigade by the wars end) and British Carribean units (British West Indies Regiment and West India Regiment).  These latter regiments were recruited as field units but treated as second-class soldiers at the front, leading to postwar bitterness in Jamaica.






@@Lawrence
Theodore Edward Lawrence was an enigma.  As an advisor to Emir Feisal, he helped transform the Arab Revolt from a local mutiny to a pan-Arabian movement that eventually led to the formation Syria and Jordan.  Under the faade of an impish but brilliant student-turned-soldier with a penchant for Arab dress, he fought fiercely for Arab interests within the British government during and after the war.  Although he knew better, he did not dispute Husseins interpretation that in the McMahon letters the British supported the Sharifs claim as head of a postwar Arab state spanning modern day Syria, Jordan, Israel, and Lebanon.  Instead, he sought to lead a Hashemite Arab liberation of Damascus, thereby achieving the fait accompli of Arab self-government before the French could install a colonial 
					                 
administration.  Ultimately, the ploy failed when the French forcibly evicted Feisal from Syria.  

Despite this political failure, Lawrence made his mark as a master of irregular warfare whose tactics are still studied to this day.






@@Shakespear
Captain William H.I. Shakespear was another maverick political agent on the Arabian peninsula.  Born and raised in India, he was well versed in several Asian languages.  Known for his driving expeditions, photography, Saluki hunting dogs, and falcons, he became the British Political Agent in Kuwait, where he befriended  Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud.  He impressed the Arab leader and advised him in his tribal war with Ibn Rashid.  In this latter role, he died at the battle of Jarab while photographing the battle and advising the Saudi artillery.  After his death, influence over Arabia shifted from India to Cairo.

@@Ibn Hussein 
Arabian society in the early 20th century has often been characterised as feudal.  Loyalties to sect, tribe, and family were paramount.  Sharif Hussein of the Hejaz was recognised as leader of the urban Arabs in the holy cities of the Hejaz as well as a sheik of the Harb tribe.  His sons, Abdullah, Feisal, Ali, and Zeid all led forces in the revolt much like feudal warlords.  These forces were among the few able to engage the Turks in regular warfare.  

Emir Ali Ibn Hussein was the oldest son of Hussein.  Initially he led the tenuous Arab defense of Rabegh.  As the revolt grew, he was given command of the Southern Arab Army that besieged Medina.  

					                 
Emir Abdullah Ibn Hussein was the second son of Hussein.  He led the forces that captured Mecca and Taif.  As the revolt grew, he was given command of the Eastern Arab Army that intercepted supply caravans intended for Ibn Rashid in Hail.  Ironically, it was Ibn Saud who reaped the benefits of this blockade by extending his rule to the very outskirts of Hail.  In early 1919, Abdullahs army was destroyed by Saudi Ikhawan at Turabah.

After the war the British gave him the crown of Transjordan.  Depending on their bias, historians have described him as verbose, stubborn, lazy, staunchly pro-Arab, and anti-Western.
@@Auda
Only by means of Auda abu Tayi could we swing the tribes from Maan to Akaba so violently in our favour that they would take Akaba (Lawrence in Seven Pillars of Wisdom).  Next to Feisal, Auda was the most important Arab leader to the Allies during the revolt.  

@@Naval Inf
During World War I marine infantry evolved significantly.  Prior to the war it was common practice for captains to field parts of their crews, often from the large coal handling teams, as landing parties for temporary service ashore.  This was not a crippling strain on ship performance as long as attrition was low, and the (coal-fired) ship was not required to steam long distances.  These conditions were rarely met during the Great War, so all major combatants trained men as dedicated marine infantry during the war.  These marines did not serve in the Near Eastern theatre.

Some deployments of traditional landing parties did occur in the Near East.  In 1916-7, the Red Sea squadron supported land operations with 
					                 
landing parties in the Hejaz.  A few months after the outbreak of revolt in the Hejaz, the Arab and Western allies faced a decision in what was known as the Rabegh crisis.  The Turks were close to quashing the revolt by capturing the Red Sea ports through which arms, ammunition, and gold were supplied.  The Arabs proved utterly unable to hold any position from the Turks.

Neither the Arabs nor the British wanted to stiffen the Rabegh defense with a brigade of Western troops, but it was seriously considered.  Fortunately, Turk indecision and an Arab flanking move to capture Wejh defused the crisis.  In the event, only small Royal Naval landing 
					                 
parties set foot on Arab soil.  One landed temporarily to defend Rabegh, and a second formed the backbone of the force that captured Wejh.  Both were immediately withdrawn after their missions were accomplished.

Fleeting references to French naval landings along the Lebanese coast in late 1918 can be found in historical atlases and general timelines of WWI, but these likely represented either crew detachments or elements of the DFPS debarked in captured ports.


@@Gurkhas
For close to two centuries, the Gurkhas have represented one of the most effective mercenary forces in the world.  Renowned for their bravery, endurance, and feared prowess with their distinctive Khukri knife, the Gurkhas were assigned to Indian divisions, occasionally substituting for the regular British battalions that had traditionally served to bolster Indian units.  

Because they were reliable and more politically expendable than Western troops, Gurkhas were often assigned special missions.  Battalions and companies were detached to retake remote oases in both the Western Desert and Sinai.  They also fought with Lawrences forces late in the war.
@@EA Infantry
Organised prior to Kitcheners conquest of the Sudan, the Anglo-Egyptian Army was modeled after the Indian Army.  It was composed primarily of Sudanese and Egyptian infantry and had a mixed reputation.  A number of writers from Churchill to Lawrence have commented that the Egyptian soldier was characterised by two traits: calm nerves of steel under fire and a complete lack of initiative.  In contrast, the Sudanese soldier was said to be utterly fearless, but highly excitable.  Bedouins had some respect for Sudanese troops but none for the Egyptians.

The climax of the Egyptian Army in the Great War was the invasion of Darfur.  After a extraordinary march across several hundred miles of 
					                 
desert, the Egyptians quickly routed the poorly equipped Fur army.  Following the elimination of the Darfur threat, several small units were used as garrisons in the Western Desert and the Hejaz.









@@Arab Regs
As the only troops who served defined terms of enlistment, the Arab regulars formed the small core of the Arab army.  They were mostly former Ottoman soldiers who faced execution as deserters if captured.  They were able to defeat regular Turkish units at Tafileh, but too weak to capture the city of Medina.  

In El Aurens, Arab Regs are created from bribed Ottoman Mtd Infantry.  The cost of bribery reflects resources used to raise these battalions.

@@QF 3 20cwt AA
The Quick-firing 3 Inch (20 hundred weight) anti-aircraft gun was the backbone of British AA artillery.  Eventually ~17 AA sections served in the EEF.

@@Siege Arty
The British artillery arm was divided into siege artillery (the RGA), field artillery (RFA), and horse artillery (RHA).  Royal Garrison Artillery batteries were equipped with 4.5, 6, 8, and 60-pdr howitzers.  These units caused the initial shock so essential to the breaching the Gaza and the Nablus lines.  

The chronic shortage of heavy caliber ammunition in this secondary theatre is represented by the missile flag given these units.

NOTE: Use these units wisely, primarily against Redoubt System units, and you will minimise your losses. 

@@Mountain Arty
The EEF fielded two British mountain artillery brigades armed with a modern 3.7 mountain (later pack) howitzer.  These units are useful for attacking second-line units in cities.

@@Camel Arty
The Indian army fielded a number of mountain gun batteries.  Typically armed with light 7 pdr mountain guns, these batteries could be mounted on camels to gain mobility in the desert.  A few, most notably the Hong Kong and Singapore Battery were used with effect in the Western Desert.

The Hashemite Arabs faced a quandary during the Revolt.  The Turks could not be dislodged without artillery support, but few Arabs could man a battery.  To allow Western (Christian) artillery gunners near the holy cities in the Hejaz was an unthinkable sacrilege.  To allow them in the inland areas of the Vilayet of Syrie risked swapping a Turk master for a Christian one.  A compromise was reached by allowing only a few 
					                 
batteries of light mountain artillery manned by Egyptians and Algerians to enter these zones.









@@Hejaz Rwy Stn
The Turks built a large number of stations along the Hejaz railway.  On average, one was maintained every 10 miles.  

In El Aurens, these are represented by 50 units, which serve as targets of opportunity.  When they are destroyed a Bedouins unit is created on the Tribal Map, simulating the stimulatory effect of these raids on recruitment.  There is a compensatory simulation of the Turk response to such raids.

@@Scouts
Camel Scouts represent small Camel Corps detachments used for reconnaissance.  These were detached from a variety of Camel Corps formations including that of the Egyptian Army, as well as those paramilitary units of the Egyptian Coast Guard, the Sinai Mounted Camel Police, the Sudan Camel Corps, the Imperial Camel Corps, and the Indian Bikanir Camel Corps.  The most widely used scouts were recruited from the Egyptian Coast Guard.  

To reduce smuggling, the British suggested that the Khedive create the Coast Guard Camel Corps.  The largely Sudanese Sinai Mounted Police, and the Sudan Camel Corps were fielded for the same purpose.  Deployed as small units to surprise smugglers at watering holes, these 
					                 
highly mobile police knew the deserts better than anyone save perhaps their quarry.  Composed of local Bedouin volunteers, CGCC units initially did not fair well against the Sanussi.  Overwhelmed and captured, many constables then changed sides to join the Sanussi.  Later in the campaign, the CGCC guided the British drives to Siwa and Bir Hakim.

The Scouts unit has the Civ2 Spy role, but it does not occupy the Spy slot.  Consequently, it can scout enemy cities, but is consumed by the task.  It has an af set to 0, which renders it useless for controlling unhappy citizens.
@@U-Boat
     U-Boat warfare in the Mediterranean during the Great War was known for its chivalry.  The highly successful U-Boat commanders often hailed their victims to allow the crew to disembark as POWs before the sinking the ship.  Since it was far from suitable bases, U-Boats did not regularly patrol the Egyptian coastline, but did achieve some notable successes off of Bardia and Gaza.
     In El Aurens, U-Boats remain invisible until they attack.  They are created and often move under the sea on another map.  Usually they will attack ships and ports near the northern coast of the Sinai peninsula.  Frequently, the Coastal Bty improvement in ports such as Port Said and Famagusta proves useful, enabling relatively weak Garrison Bns to survive such attacks.
@@Arab Camel Corps
    The camel was the mount of choice in the desert.  Providing unlimited mobility with minimal provisioning, the camel made desert warfare one of maneuver.  Because the camel was a larger target and slower than a horse, camelry were deployed as mounted infantry rather than as shock cavalry.  Camelry formed the elite core of the Arab Armies.  They were backed by troopers of the Egyptian Camel Corps.
    The Ottoman Camel Corps was an elite formation (~3 battalions)formed mainly from Arabs.  They fought both in Sinai and Arabia where they represented the most persistent adversaries to the revolting Bedouins.  Generally reliable by Ottoman standards, individuals did desert to the Arab cause.  In the game, they can be bribed, but the cost is high.
@@Egyptian CC
The Egyptian Camel Corps represented the best trained and equipped companies of the Egyptian army.  It spearheaded the Darfur expedition, formed cadres for regular Arab camelry in the Hejaz, and garrisoned remote outposts in Egypt and the Sudan.  

@@Camel Cps Bn
After demonstrating its value against the Sanussi in the Western Desert, the Imperial Camel Corps was expanded from a few companies to a peak organization of 10 Australian, 2 New Zealand, and 4 British companies.  Once the campaign advanced into Palestine, the camels were less useful, and all but the British contingent were remounted on horses.  The remaining British battalion supported Arab efforts in Arabia and Syria, usually with independent actions to minimise contact between the mistrustful allies.

This unit represents the Imperial Camel Corps when it was fielded at battalion strength.  It is upgraded to the Camel Bde when the W.O. grants the Imperial Camel Cps.
@@Camel Cps Bde
After demonstrating its value against the Sanussi in the Western Desert, the Imperial Camel Corps was expanded from a few companies to a peak organization of 10 Australian, 2 New Zealand, and 4 British companies.  Once the campaign advanced into Palestine, the camels were less useful, and all but the British contingent were remounted on horses.  The remaining battalion supported Arab efforts in Arabia and Syria, usually with independent actions to minimise contact between the mistrustful allies.

This unit represents the Imperial Camel Corps when it was fielded at brigade strength.  It is upgraded from the Camel Bn when the W.O. grants the Imperial Camel Cps.
					                 
A trooper Dowling served with the ICC.  His grandnephew is known as Case among the Apolyton community.









@@Agordat CC Bn
Eritrean Ascaris represented the only reliable colonial force available to the Italians in Cyrenaica.  The Agordat Camel Corps, recruited from NW Eritrea, was a well-equipped unit highly suited to counter the hit-and-run operations of the Sanussi.

@@Agayl Camelry
The mercenary Ageyl were something of an elite among the arabs.  They were known for their ability to stand up to regular Turkish troops, as well as their willingness to change sides when their term was complete.  Lawrence kept a number as a bodyguard that accompanied him on riskier missions.

@@Light Horse
The Australian Light Horse Brigades became a legend in Sinai and Palestine.  Gallipoli veterans were remounted on superb Walers bred on Australian ranches.  At Romani, El Arish, Maghdaba, Beersheba, Nablus, and Damascus the Light Horse provided the edge that broke the Turks.  This experience coupled with low casualties forged the Light Horse into arguably the best mounted troops ever fielded.

@@NZ Mtd Rifles
Often overlooked in the shadow of the Australians, the New Zealand Mounted Rifles were superb soldiers.  The low attrition in this theatre led to low turnover rates among the NZMR and ALH.  As a result, by the end of the campaign, these troops arguably became the best mounted infantrymen that ever fought.

@@Yeomanry
Known as Donkey Whallopers on the Western Front, cavalry was of no use there until late in 1918, when they proved invaluable in exploiting breaches made by the infantry.  Had the Germans been able to use cavalry to exploit their gains in the Spring of 1918, the war would have followed a significantly different course.

On the other hand, in the desert campaigns of Egypt and Sinai, where troop density was lower and the desert flank always exposed, cavalry proved to be the decisive arm.  Even when the fighting condensed in the more broken terrain of Palestine, cavalry proved decisive in breaking the Ottoman Army after the initial breaches were made.  The Fall 1918 campaign in the Near East was the perhaps the last moment 
					                 
of glory for cavalry.

Ironically no first-line British cavalry served in the EEF.  It was the older British cavalry troopers who rode in the Yeomanry units of this theatre.  They served well, routing the Sanussi and capturing Levantine ports.





@@IA Lancers
Although the ANZACs spearheaded the breakthrough on the Megiddo plain in 1918, Lancers of the Indian Army played a vital but overlooked role.  These professional veterans of the Indian Northwest Frontier wars captured several ports in Palestine and Lebanon.

@@Ford Lt Cars
Light Car Patrols (LCP) served as the eyes for the EEF.  These units were too small and light to fight entrenched Turks, but they performed admirably as pathfinders to exploit breaches.  Their ground-breaking role, however, was in the Western Desert, where they outmaneuvered the camel-riding Sanussi.  Eventually, 7 of the 9 patrols served in the Western Desert throughout the war, patrolling and surveying.  In this role, they were the forerunners of the Long-Range Desert Group who performed the same function 24 years later.  

@@Rolls Royce AC
Light Armored Motor Batteries (LAMB) gave the Allies much needed mobile firepower in the desert.  The Sanussi could do little to counter them.  Against entrenched Turks, they were less useful, since they lacked the ability to cross obstacles under fire.  Like cavalry, however, they excelled in exploiting breakthroughs and led the vanguard during the 1918 drive to Aleppo.

@@AutoMG 
The Italians pioneered the use of armored cars in the desert during the 1912 Italo-Ottoman war over Libya.  A few Squadriglie di Automitragliatrici returned to Cyrenaica in 1916 to recapture Bardia and the coastal road from the Sanussi.

@@Mark IV Tanks
Company E of the Motor Machine Gun Corps, later the Royal Tank Corps, was the only tank unit to serve outside of France during the Great War.  Its debut at Gaza was marred by flawed tactics  they were too highly dispersed and exposed for an unnecessarily lengthy time to enemy artillery.  By April 1918, spare parts were too scarce to maintain the unit and the tankers transferred to France.  

@@Gunboats
The Egyptian Navy patrolled the Nile with gunboats dating back from Kitcheners River War against the Mahdists.  These boats helped deter Sanussi and Fur (i.e. from Darfur) raids on the upper Nile.  

The Allies maintained a blockade of the coastlines to prevent reinforcement of African rebellions.  Small converted merchantmen, corvettes, and sloops patrolled the coasts of the Hejaz and the Western Desert.  Occasionally their anti-smuggling patrols were interspersed by ASW and shore support missions.

In both locations, these boats performed limited troop transport duties.
@@DD Flotilla
Both the Royal and French Navies maintained destroyer flotillas on station in the Near East.  These provided gunfire support, but primarily served as escorts against U-Boats.  It is in this latter role that they are most useful in El Aurens.

@@Monitor Flot
    The Royal and French navies periodically provided ships to support land operations.  They were instrumental in repelling the first Turk attack on the Suez Canal in January, 1915.  They were also present in strength at Gaza.  To deceive the Turks, it was kept deliberately weak at Megiddo.  
    This unit represents a mix of pre-Dreadnoughts and monitors.  The latter with their more modern guns and dedicated mission, were the most effective in shore bombardment.  Both were very vulnerable to U-Boats and mines.
    Though very powerful, these units frequently fail against Redoubt System units in El Aurens.

@@Feisal
Emir Feisal Ibn Hussein was the most charismatic son of Sherif Hussein.  Lawrence had singled him out in mid 1916 as the son most likely to lead an effective rebellion against the Turks.  Before the capture of Akaba, he led the attack on Wejh and raided the Hejaz railway.   After the capture of Akaba, Lawrence urged him to lead the drive on Damascus.  

This unit is created at the start of the Arab revolt and is essential to sustain it.  If he is eliminated, Arab reinforcements dwindle considerably.

@@Ikhawan
Ikhawan represent the Soldier-Monk-Scholars living in Sanussi Zawaya or Wahhabi Hujar.  Highly motivated very mobile fighters, their irregular style of warfare tied down large numbers of conventional troops.  Ikhawans serving the house of Saud were particularly feared for their embrace of total warfare against other Arabs.  They did not observe the traditional rules of ghazzu (raiding) that protected homes, women, and children of the defeated tribe. 

@@Bedouins
Bedouins lived a rural, nomadic, and feudal life at the time of the Great War.  The more urban Arabs of Syria and the Levant thought of them as poor and backwards.  Fiercely independent, the Bedouins had enthusiasm for neither Turk nor European rule.  Remarkably Feisal and Lawrence managed to unite the tribes to form the backbone of the Arab Revolt.  They recognised that the Bedouin was utterly incompetent as a soldier in the Western mold, but was a master of mobile irregular warfare.  These guerrillas formed the mass of the Arab army, which tied large numbers of Turks to garrison and patrol duties.  

In this scenario, Bedouins have the spy role.  They can ambush and bribe but not attack.  Having but a 0 defense rating, they are easily 
					                 
defeated.  However, in highly favorable terrain against depleted attackers, they can actually defend successfully.  









@@Transports
Represents the dedicated amphibious transports such as those used at Gallipoli.

@@Cruiser Div
The pre-war navies of colonial powers contained a number of colonial and protected cruisers.  These were stationed in low-threat areas to show the flag.  During the war, they were used to provide naval gunfire support, but were less effective than monitors in this role.

@@RNAS Flight
Floatplanes of the Royal Naval Air Service regularly supported land operations in the Near East.  Primarily used for gun-spotting and reconnaissance, these units also served as bombers.  They were easy targets for Turk fighters and anti-aircraft, and this is reflected in the scenario.

@@RFC Flight
Both the 14th and 17th RFC squadrons periodically detached flights to support operations in remote desert locations.  Neither the Sanussi nor the Fur had any effective defense against aircraft, so this unit proved very useful for both reconnaissance and ground attack.  Nature was a more formidable adversary, and aircraft were frequently grounded lack of spare parts to repair sand damage.

@@Recce
In 1916, the Allies enjoyed a slight numerical superiority in the air, but their planes were inferior.  The Turks, using German pilots, had the edge.  By late 1918, the Allies overwhelmed the Germans in both numbers and quality to gain an air supremacy that deprived the Turks of any aerial reconnaissance.  At Megiddo, the Palestine Brigade consisted of two air wings for a total of 7 squadrons.

Recce units represent the early squadrons that struggled against the superior aircraft of the Turks.  Use them carefully, for they are the weak cadres of the more powerful RAF units that appear later in the game.
@@Scout Fighter
In 1916, the Allies enjoyed a slight numerical superiority in the air, but their planes were inferior.  The Turks, using German pilots, had the edge.  By late 1918, the Allies overwhelmed the Germans in both numbers and quality to gain an air supremacy that deprived the Turks of any aerial reconnaissance.  At Megiddo, the Palestine Brigade consisted of two air wings for a total of 7 squadrons.

Scout Fighter units represent the later squadrons that reigned the skies over Palestine.  They are particularly useful for two roles: protecting RE/Works Coy from air attack and clearing paths through rearguards that appear when Turk cities are captured. 
@@Recce Bomber
In 1916, the Allies enjoyed a slight numerical superiority in the air, but their planes were inferior.  The Turks, using German pilots, had the edge.  By late 1918, the Allies overwhelmed the Germans in both numbers and quality to gain an air supremacy that deprived the Turks of any aerial reconnaissance.  At Megiddo, the Palestine Brigade consisted of two air wings for a total of 7 squadrons.

Recce Bomber units represent the later squadrons that wreaked havoc on retreating Turks in Palestine.  They are particularly useful for two roles: protecting RE/Works Coy from air attack and clearing paths through rearguards that appear when Turk cities are captured. 
@@UBoat
U-Boat warfare in the Mediterranean during the Great War was known for its chivalry.  The highly successful U-Boat commanders often hailed their victims to allow the crew to disembark as POWs before the sinking the ship.  Since it was far from suitable bases, U-Boats did not regularly patrol the Egyptian coastline, but did achieve some notable successes off of Bardia and Gaza.

In El Aurens, UBoats are conventional Civ2 submarine units with the missile flag.
@@EK Pascha I
Initially the German Asian Corps, also known as the Expeditionkorps Pascha I, was a collection of pioneer, machine gun, and artillery units that constituted a well-equipped battalion in the Sinai Desert.  

@@Jandarma
The Ottoman Jandarma (Gendarmerie) was formed with French training after the Ottoman defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1878.  Primarily used as police and border guards, its total staff exceeded several hundred thousand men.  Ubiquitous throughout the empire, Jandarma were frequently used as scratch combat formations to fill gaps.  Frequently, it was Jandarma that responded to the railroad raids of Arab irregulars.  

Interestingly, although army units often suffered from high desertion rates, the Jandarma were sometimes even overstrength.  This may have been due to their role as line of communications guards, a duty somewhat less hazardous than the frontline trenches.
					                 

To reflect that much of the Arab Regulars were recruited from Ottoman Arab deserters, these units can be bribed. 








@@Dept Regt
The dept regiment (Depo Alay in Turkish) was used to protect and repair the many miles of railway under Ottoman control.  These units often issued the patrols that pursued Arab train raiders.  In a pinch, they served as combat troops as well.  

@@Dept 
This immobile unit serves to maintain martial law and consume support in OOB cities.  Please do not disband.

@@Picquet Line
The immobile unit represents an entrenched Turkish regiment.  It can be overwhelmed by the better infantry and cavalry units available to the Allies.

@@Redoubt System 
NOTE: Redoubt System units are very difficult to eliminate.  Only Siege Arty units can reliably defeat them.  Many times Redoubt System units can be removed by capturing the city responsible for their supply.

DESCRIPTION: At Van, Gallipoli, Al Kut, Galicia, Gaza, and the Jordan the Allies learned to respect the Turkish Mehmetik in an entrenched position.  Even Ottoman Arabs, despite their second-class treatment in the Ottoman army, fought well in this role.  

This unit represents the entrenched Gaza line defended by the 8th Army.  After two victories against Murrays forces, it was 
					                 
overrun by a reinforced EEF led by Allenby.  Its remnants reformed and entrenched to form part of the Nablus line, which held until the Allies in check until September 1918.
    During most of 1918, most Ottoman Arab units were employed in still formidable static defences.  Once the line was broken, however, Ottoman units often disintegrated from from lack of supplies.  For this reason, most Ottoman Arab infantry units are depicted as static units in the scenario.  To simulate fragile supply lines, these units are often homed not to the local city but rather to historical supply chokepoints such as Gaza, Beersheba, Nablus, Amman, and Damascus.  
@@Syrians
Syrian Arabs had been ruled by the Ottomans for centuries, under a relatively benevolent but corrupt rule.  By 1914, however, Ottoman rule had transformed into Turk rule, and Arabs were clearly less privileged.  Nonetheless, Syrians (Suriyeler in Turkish) served the Ottomans with distinction at Gallipoli and Mesopotamia (unlike Iraqi Arab units).  Even after Hashemite capture of Mecca, Syrians still served the Ottoman army in large numbers.  Critics of the Hashemites and Lawrence have cited this as evidence that the Arab revolt was far from a pan-Arab movement.  However, it was clear that by mid-1917 Syrian units were less effective than their Anatolian counterparts, particularly when outflanked or bombarded with heavy artillery.
@@Anatolians
The Ottomans ruled a multi-ethnic empire for centuries, but the 20th century dawned with a surge of nationalism.  What had been a source of strength for the Sublime Porte became a liability.  Ethnic groups from the Balkans to the Red Sea struggled for independence.  By 1914, the only Ottoman presence in Europe was a small strip in eastern Thrace.  The remaining Asian empire, however, was still heterogeneous, containing Anatolians (Anadolulular in Turkish), Arabs, Circassians, Armenians, Greeks, Kurds and a host of smaller ethnic groups.  Of these, only the Anatolians and Circassians (Anatolians relocated by war with Russia to Syria) felt loyalty to Istanbul.  The Ottoman army was recruited by district, and by 1917 the Anatolian units of the Ottoman army were by far the most reliable.
@@Camel Cps Coy
The Imperial Camel Corps was expanded from a few companies to a peak organization of 10 Australian, 2 New Zealand, and 4 British companies.  Often individual companies were detached for independent duty.  Once the campaign advanced into Palestine, the camels were less useful, and all but the British contingent were remounted on horses.  The remaining British battalion supported Arab efforts in Arabia and Syria, usually with independent actions to minimise contact between the mistrustful allies.

This unit represents a detached Imperial Camel Corps company.

@@EK Pascha II
As part of the buildup to form the Yildirim Army Group, the German Asian Corps was reinforced and designated the Expeditionkorps Pascha II.  It was a well-equipped brigade-sized unit that served as a reserve to stiffen the Turk line.  It contained both light infantry and cavalry liberally supplied with machineguns.  

@@Sturmtruppen
Sturmtruppen represent small formations, probably no larger than battalions, originally formed in the 19th and 20th Divisions.  These small units were trained with German Stotruppen infiltration tactics that proved so successful at Riga, Caporetto, and on the Western Front.  Known as Hcum Taburlari in Turkish, they were likely formed when these divisions were deployed to Galicia in 1916.  There is some evidence that additional assault battalions were later organized at the corps and army level, where they were deployed as mobile reserves and desertion deterrents.  Having no opportunity to launch an important offensive that exploited the capabilities of these units, the Turks instead wasted them in hopeless tactical counterattacks, such as the one that occurred on 1 December, 1918:
					                 
A regiment of the 3rd Australian Light Horse on a hill north of El Burj in front of them (155th Bde) was heavily attacked at half-past one in the morning by a specially prepared sturmtruppen battalion of the Turkish 19th Division, and a footing was gained in our position, but with the aid of a detachment of the Gloucester Yeomanry and the 1/4th Royal Scots Fusiliers the enemy was driven out at daybreak and six officers and 106 unwounded and 60 wounded Turks, wearing steel hats and equipped like German storming troops, were taken prisoners. The attack was pressed with the greatest determination, and the enemy, using hand grenades, got within thirty yards of our line. During the latter part of their advance the Turks were exposed to a 
					                 
heavy cross fire from machine guns and rifles of the 9th Light Horse Regiment, and this fire and the guns of the 268th Brigade Royal Field Artillery and the Hong Kong and Singapore battery prevented the retirement of the enemy. The capture of the prisoners was effected by an encircling movement round both flanks. Our casualties were 9 killed and 47 wounded. That storming battalion left over 100 dead about our trenches.  How Jerusalem Was Won by W.T. Massey

The unit is present in the scenario at the paper strength of a battalion to add some fun.  It has a surprisingly powerful offensive punch, but is easily overrun. 
@@Tribal Vols
Bedouin were either exempt from or easily avoided the Ottoman conscription councils by which the regular army was recruited.  Instead, they joined the Ottoman army through the archaic Gnll Sistemi or volunteer system in which ethnic groups joined and fought together.  Muslim refugee groups displaced by recent Balkan and Caucasian wars were another source of volunteers.  The most fanatical sources, however, were the dervish sects of the Bektashi, Mevlavi, and Qadariya order.

Translated as tribal volunteers, the Asiret Gnll fought as irregulars.  During the first half of the war, the Turks fielded large numbers of these irregulars in the Sinai.  Highly mobile, but with little 
					                 
staying power, these units are suited to raiding unprotected towns and engineers.  In the early part of the Sinai campaign, they represented a threat to the advancing railhead.  As the Allies captured the Sinai, this threat evaporated.







@@Mtd Infantry
Turks countered Arab ambushes and sabotage with punitive patrols from strongholds.  These were often second-line Ottoman infantry mounted on mules.  This unit represents mule-mounted territorial units, or Atli Mustahfiz in Turkish.  

To reflect that much of the Arab Regulars were recruited from Ottoman Arab deserters, these units can be bribed. 

@@Svari
Although they were few, regular Turkish Svari (cavalry) fought well throughout the war.  Most were recruited from Anatolian and Circassian areas and maintained high moral to the very end.  Their relatively small mounts were less formidable chargers, but they were a hardy strain bred in the harsh terrain of the Near East.  The 3rd Cavalry division fought two very effective rearguard actions after the fall of Gaza in 1917 and Damascus a year later. 

@@Feldhaubitz
Turkish artillery was a polyglot mix of German, Austrian, French, and British field guns, field howitzers, and light mountain howitzers.  There was a severe lack of heavy artillery.  Both German and Austro-Hungarian batteries played significant roles throughout the campaign.  This unit represents a concentration of field artillery that can cause a rude surprise to the careless Allied player.

@@Gebirgshaubitz
Turkish artillery was a polyglot mix of German, Austrian, French, and British field guns, field howitzers, and light mountain howitzers.  There was a severe lack of heavy artillery.  Both German and Austro-Hungarian batteries played significant roles throughout the campaign.  This unit represents a concentration of mountain artillery that is more mobile but packs less punch than a Feldhaubitz unit.

@@Pzkw MG Zug
The Germans supplied the Turks with a handful of heavy armored cars.  They were used mainly for railway patrols.  At least one was fitted with flanged rail wheels.  Their impact was negligible, and the unit is included in the scenario to add a little variety.

@@Minefield
Though chronically short of mines, the Turks managed to lay enough to render naval operations near Levantine ports a risky operation.

@@Airplane Coy
The small Ottoman air force fielded three understrength squadrons (Tayyare Bl? or literally airplane company) in the theatre.  
  3ncu Tayyare Blg  Medina, Maan, Amman
  4ncu Tayyare Blg  Amman
  14ncu Tayyare Blg  Deraa
These units flew a mix of AEG C.IV, Albatros, and Rumpler aircraft.  These planes proved an effective terror weapon against the Bedouins, who had never encountered any aircraft before, much less belligerent ones.  

@@Pascha FA
The Pascha Fliegeratbteilungen represented the air component of the Yildirim Army Group, whose deployment preceded the ground troops.  Initially better equipped than their opponents, these detachments provided valuable reconnaissance and occasional ground support in operations against the Allies.  By 1918, they were outnumbered and outclassed.  Over the campaign, Fliegerabteilungen 300-305 and Jasta 55 served in the theatre, but by 1918 these were severely understrength.

@@Adwar Camp

An Adwar was a Sanussi formation designed for raiding.  In the 1916 campaign, the Sanussi established a few base camps along Egypts northern coast.  Augmented with several maxims, these were relatively well defended by Sanussi standards.

Historically, British Yeomanry defeated these positions with a rapid but costly cavalry charge.  

@@Muhafizia
The Turks trained, armed, and supplied about 6 battalions of regular Sanussi troops.  These regulars gave the initial thrust of the Sanussi revolt a serious punch.  They were more easily found and engaged by the Allied forces than Sanussi irregulars, and were quickly overrun by Yeomanry.  In the game, this tactic will often but not always work.

@@Mujahid
These represent the Bedouin Sanussi who answered the Caliphs call for Jihad and occupied the oases under Sanussi control.  Historically, the Western Frontier Force used a combination of artillery, aircraft, and armored cars to defeat these garrisons.

@@Canal Defences
DESPATCH N I.
Army Headquarters, Cairo.
16th February, 1915.

I have the honour to forward for the information of the Secretary of State for War the accompanying report from Major-General A. Wilson, C.B., Commanding the Suez Canal Defences, who has conducted the operations to my complete satisfaction....

Headquarters, Canal Defences, to the General Staff, HQ, Cairo.
Ismailia,
11th February, 1915.
					                 
Sir,
I have the honour to submit the following report ... with a brief 
account of what has taken place since I took over command of the 
Canal Defences.
...
4. Preparations for defence.The months of November, December and January were devoted to a systematic development of the naturally strong line of defence afforded by the Canal, thus completing the work which had been initiated previous to my arrival. A number of defensive posts were prepared on the east bank, to cover the more important ferries and provide facilities for local counter attacks. 
					                 
Trenches were dug on the west bank to cover the intervals between posts and frustrate attempts at crossing. Communications were improved by the construction of landing stages and removable 
pontoon bridges for use at important points. A flotilla of armed launches, manned by the Royal Navy, was organised for canal 
patrols. A complete System of telegraph, telephone, and wireless communication was installed, linking up all the posts with headquarters. A system of defence was established for the 
protection of the railway, the telegraph lines, and the sweet water canal. The detachment of the Royal Flying Corps was organised, staffed with observers, and equipped with accommodation for its 
					                 
planes.Initially the Suez canal was sparsely defended.  Outposts were built at regular intervals on the east bank.  These had twin roles: observation and protection of ferry landings.  This allowed 
counterattacks to be mounted from the outposts with relative ease.  On the west bank, the bulk of the troops defended periodic 
trenchworks between the outposts.

I have, c.* 
ALEX. WILSON, Major-General,
Commanding Canal Defences.

					                 

*Abbreviation: I have the honour to be, Sir, with consideration, your most humble, most obedient servant...

From a despatch of Lieutenant-General Sir John Maxwell, Commanding the force in Egypt. Printed in the Third Supplement to the London Gazette of 21 June 1916.

http://www.1914-1918.net/maxwell_first_despatch.htm


@TERRAIN_AND_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTIONS
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Settlers will be the 50th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@TERRAIN_INDEX
0,			; Baadiyah
1,			; Arz
2,			; Shahr
3,			; Wadi
4,			; Raah
5,			; Koh
6, 			; Jhebel
7,			; Darb
8, 			; Kinaarah
9,			; Sabkha
10,			; Aab
12,			; Hods
13,			; Doura
2,			; Shahr
14,			; Shadoof
15,			; Dates
16,			; Copper
17,			; Olives
18,			; Ain
19,			; Papyrus
20,			; Glasswort
21,			; Fishing Grd
22,			; Grass
15,			; Dates
2,			; Shahr
14,			; Shadoof
23,			; Citrus
24,			; Iron
25,			; Phosphate
26,			; Bir
27,			; Rice
28,			; Gypsum
29,			; Pearls
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

;Terrain Types
@@Baadiyah0

Baadiyah represents desert terrain.

The Libyan Desert is the most arid region on earth and is the site of some of the highest recorded temperatures.  A shocking 58C was recorded just south of Tripoli in Azizia on September 13, 1922, which is the highest temperature ever recorded. 

From near Kordofan in Sudan, the Libyan Desert covers 1,600 km as it extends north through Egypt to the Mediterranean coast.  Beginning at the Nile Valley it stretches west for 1,760 km.  The first 500 km are within the Egyptian border, the desert thereafter extending far into Libya.  Covering 2.8 million km, inclucing two-thirds of the area of Egypt, it is the largest desert in the world (The Western Desert of Egypt: An Explorers Handbook by Cassandria Vivian).

@@Arz1

Arz represents arable terrain, Plains in Civ2 terms.

@@Shahr2

Shahr, literally meaning buildings, represents villages or ruins.

NOTE: The +19 pickaxe bonus for Camps applies only to Shahr (Pickaxe)

@@Wadi3

Wadi represents unnavigable streams or pools filled with water throughout the year.

@@Raah4

Raah represents Arz terrain with a road passing through.

MOVEMENT COST: 1/3 

@@Koh5

Koh represents steep rocky hills or escarpment.  A Koh is not necessarily very high, since the highest elevation lying within the El Aurens map is 2,814 meters (Mount Herman in the Vilayet of Syrie).  Many of the Koh squares represent terrain under 1,000 meters, but these were much too steep for transit by most most Great War formations.

@@Jhebel6

Jhebel represents more accessible elevated terrain than Koh.  

@@Darb7

Darb represents Baadiyah with a track passing through.

The Western and Arabian deserts are criss-crossed with caravan trails.  Though only rough tracks, throughout the centuries, they have become the fastest routes through the sandy and rocky desert.  Dunes in the Sinai often slowed horses to about 4-6 km/h. 

MOVEMENT COST: 1/3

@@Kinaarah8

Kinaarah represents freshwater marshes or flood plains of major rivers.

@@Sabkha9

Sabkha are salt water marshes.  They typically lie in flat depressions just above the water table.  Often a brittle crust overlays a softer moister saline layer, which can make travel treacherous for both camel and vehicle.  The most famous Sabhka in this area is the Qattara depression extending from Siwa to Moghara.  In 1942, it gave the British an impenetrable anchor for its desert flank at El Alamein.

@@Aab10

Aab represents navigable water in El Aurens, which includes the Mediterranean and Red Seas, the Nile, and a few lakes.

@@Dry Wadi9

Dry Wadi represent stream beds and gorges that remain dry through most of the year.  They are often smoother than the surrounding terrain and can serve as highways in the desert.  Any engineering around dry wadis has to account for the violent flooding that can occur after rare outbursts.

;Special Resources

@@Hods 12

Hods represent small depressions in the desert where the water table is close to the surface.  They are often marked by a few trees.  Water can be tapped more easily by wells or spearpoint pumps.

@@Doura 13

Egyptian name for a sorghum grain grown in throughout Egypt and the Sudan.  Can often grow to 0.5-1.5m tall.

@@Shadoof 14

From the ancient Egyptian times, shadoofs have been used to lift water out of rivers or watering holes.  In EA a Shadoof represents a particularly fertile section of a wadi.

@@Dates 15

Over two thirds of the worlds date trees grow in Arab lands.  They are particularly concentrated in oases.  Arabs have several names for the date according to it ripeness: balah (still hard), Rutab (half ripe), and Tamr (fully ripe, ready for harvest).

@@Copper 16

Egypt and Arabia are rich with minerals, but most veins are buried under deep sand.  Often ore is mined in oases lined with escarpments that keep the sand at bay.  Iron, copper, and phosphate have been mined for industry since the turn of the century.  However the values given these resources in El Aurens are probably exaggerated.

@@Olives 17

Another major crop of the region.  Very much liked by the designer.

@@Ain 18

Ain represents a spring bringing water to the surface.

@@Papyrus 19

Grows in abundance along shores of pools and in flood plains.  

@@Glasswort 20

One of the few plant species that can tolerate the high salinity of Sabkhas.  Used in salads.

@@Fishing Grd 21

Fish was not a major source of the Arab diet during the Great War.  The Allied naval blockade tended to reinforce that for Ottoman lands.  In the Red Sea, however, the RN played a cat and mouse game with fishing boats from the Asir and Yemeni coasts.

@@Grass 22

Desert grass species serve as fodder for camels.

@@Citrus 23

Lemon and Orange trees are another major crop in the region.

@@Iron 24

Egypt and Arabia are rich with minerals, but most veins are buried under deep sand.  Often ore is mined in oases lined with escarpments that keep the sand at bay.  Iron, copper, and phosphate have been mined for industry since the turn of the century.  However the values given these resources in El Aurens are probably exaggerated.

@@Phosphate 25

Egypt and Arabia are rich with minerals, but most veins are buried under deep sand.  Often ore is mined in oases lined with escarpments that keep the sand at bay.  Iron, copper, and phosphate have been mined for industry since the turn of the century.  However the values given these resources in El Aurens are probably exaggerated.

@@Bir 26

A spring that doesnt naturally flow above the ground, yet is an abundant water source.

@@Rice 27

Rice is a crop in the flood plains of the major rivers of the region.

@@Gypsum 28

A naturally-occurring, finely-grained solid consisting primarily of calcium sulfate (CaSO4).  Used in plaster and cement.

@@Pearls 29

The Red Sea is renowned for its pearls.

@@Wheat 30

Not used

@@Wine 31

Not used


@GOVERNMENT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the GOVERN.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Fundamentalism will be the 5th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@GOVERNMENT_INDEX
0,			; Anarchy
1,			; Despotism
5,			; Monarchy
2,			; Communism
4,			; Fundamentalism
6,			; Republic
3,			; Democracy
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Anarchy






 Not Used

@@Despotism	






 Not Used

@@Communism
	         Government of the Allies and Italians
	        
SUPPORT 
 First 3 units require no support from home city.
 Subsequent units require support of one Pickaxe per turn.
 Gdm, Mtd Inf Scouts, & Bedouins require no support from home.
 RE/Works Coy require two Food per turn from home city.
MARTIAL LAW 
 Up to three units (AF>0) in each city enforce martial law. 
 Each of these units makes two unhappy citizens content.
MISCELLANEOUS  
 All newly mobilised Mtd Inf Scouts and Bedouins are are Veterans.
 Taxes, Civil Goods, or Intelligence appropriation cannot exceed 80%. 

@@Democracy






 Government of the Mittlemeer U-Flotte


@@Fundamentalism






	Government of the Turks, Sanussi, and Wazzeh

@@Monarchy






 Government of the Ruwalla

@@Republic






 Not Used

@CONCEPT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;

@@fortify

Ground units can be ordered to fortify by pressing the [f] key, or by selecting Fortify from the Orders menu. The defensive value of fortified units is increased by 50 percent.

@@fieldworks ()

Most Arz, Raah, and Shahr terrains have the  attribute.  Defense is doubled against ground units, and there is no stack death.

RE/Labourers can construct fortresses by pressing the [f] key, or choosing the Build Fortress command from the Orders menu. Units within a fortress have their defensive strengths doubled.

@@irrigation

Irrigation increases Food production in most terrains, but only with Arz, Raah, and Wadi can it be completed in a reasonable period.

More important, DARB CAN BE IRRIGATED INTO RAAH.  This represents the building of a water pipeline that can be tapped to sustain troops.  It is the primary means of getting the EEF into Palestine.  

RE/Works Coy can be ordered to irrigate by pressing the [i] key, or by selecting Build Irrigation from the Orders menu.

@@civil Goods
The provision of Civil Goods for your citizens is indicated by the wine bottles in the Resource Box of the City Display. Each pair of wine bottles makes one content citizen happy, or one unhappy citizen content. The amount of Civil Goods a city produces is mainly determined by the percentage of Trade you have allocated to Civil Goods.  This can be adjusted using the Change Tax Rate command on the Kingdom menu. A citys Civil Goods can also be increased by building certain City Improvements and Special Objectives, and by converting citizens into Entertainers.

@@camps

Camps represent the infrastructure needed to mobilize and train troops.  It increases the Pickaxe production of many terrains dramatically.  Since most terrains yield only a single Pickaxe, only cities with Camp squares can generate enough pickaxes to build units.  Its a good idea to increase the production of these cities with improvements as much as possible.  Camps CANNOT be completed within the span of El Aurens.

@@pillage

Pillaging in El Aurens is generally not a good idea.  Since you are likely to capture most of the cities on the map, it is in your interest to make sure that they can grow and earn money.  

Units can be ordered to pillage by pressing [Shift-P], or by choosing the Pillage command from the Orders menu. The unit must be ordered to pillage once for each of the terrain improvements you want to destroy. 

@@std Gge Railways

During the Great War, two gauges of railway linked the cities of the Near East: Broad and Narrow.  More rolling stock and more powerful locomotives were available for the Std Gge Rwys.  It can be laid by RE/Works Coy after the W.O. has granted the Trans-Sinai Railway.  They are constructed by moving onto terrain containing Light Rail, and pressing the [r] key, or by selecting the Build Std Gge Rwy command from the Orders menu.  Units moving along a railroad expend no movement points. 

Railroads increase Pickaxe and Trade production by 50 percent (rounded down).  This can significantly increase the productivity of Camps.

@@light Rail

Though lacking the capacity of the Std Gge Rwy, the narrow gauge Light Rails were still very useful for transferring troops.  The Turks supplied two entire armies by the slim thread of the Hejaz Railway stretching from Aleppo to Medina.

Light Rails can be built by RE/Works Coy by pressing the [r] key, or by selecting the Lay Light Rail command from the Orders menu. Light Rails can be built in all terrains except Aab; however, they cannot be built in a Dry Wadi square until the W.O. has granted Bridging Equipment. Units moving along Light Rails expend only 1/9 of a movement point per square, regardless of terrain type, but Light Rails do not enable units to enter impassable terrain.  Light Rails also increase the amount of Trade produced by most terrains.

@@military Intelligence

Military Intelligence must be accumulated to request reinforcements from the War Office (W.O.).

The amount of Military Intelligence contributed by a city is indicated by the binocular icons shown in the Resource Chart of the City Display.  At the start of each turn, the Intelligence output of each city is added to the reinforcement request project currently in progress, eventually resulting in the W.O. granting a new request.  The more binocular icons each city produces, the faster new requests are granted.  The amount of Intelligence produced by your military district is primarily determined by the amount of incoming Trade you have allocated to Military Intelligence.  This percentage can be adjusted by selecting the Change Tax Rate command on the Kingdom menu.

The Military Intelligence output of individual cities and your military district as a whole can also be increased by building certain City Improvements and Special Objectives, or by converting citizens into Reporters.

@@sentry

Units ordered to go on sentry duty appear as gray silhouettes. These units are removed from the movement queue, and remain on sentry duty until another unit moves into their sight range or until they are manually reactivated. Units on sentry duty inside a city are automatically loaded onto ships (up to the ships unit carrying capacity) when the ship leaves the city.

Units are placed on sentry duty by pressing the [s] key, or by choosing the Sentry option on the Orders menu. Damaged units placed on sentry inside a city become active when they have been completely repaired.

@@pickaxes

The production of raw materials by your cities is represented by Pickaxe icons. So in EA, raw materials are referred to as pickaxes. The number of Pickaxes produced by each city is displayed in the Resource Chart of the City Display. Pickaxes are used to support units. Each Allied combat unit requires that its home city expend one Pickaxe per turn to support the unit. Excess Pickaxes beyond those used for unit support are used for the production of City Improvements, Special Objectives, and new units.

Pickaxe production largely depends on the type of terrain surrounding the city.  In most circumstances, Pickaxe production of a city can be increased through the construction of certain Improvements and Special Objectives.  The presence of camps within city limits also significantly improves Pickaxe production in most terrains.

@@specialists

The citizen icons displayed in the Population Roster of the City Display represent the citys work force.  Each citizen added to the roster is automatically put to work developing one of the terrain squares within the city radius.  It is occasionally necessary to remove a citizen from terrain production to perform a specific task.  These removed Citizens are called specialists.  There are three types of specialist, corresponding to each of a citys three Trade components.  Entertainers increase Civil Goods, Colonial Administrators increase Taxes, and Reporters increase Intelligence gathering.

To create a specialist, click on any production square in the City Map.  The production icons disappear from the square, and an Entertainer appears in the Population Roster.  To create a Colonial Administrator, click the Entertainer icon once. To create a Reporter, first create a Colonial Administrator, then click the Colonial Administrator icon once.  Cities must be size five or larger to support Colonial Administrators and Reporters.

@@taxes

Taxes collected by a city are indicated by gold sovereign icons in the Resource Chart of the City Display. These taxes are used primarily to pay the maintenance cost of City Improvements each turn. Excess tax revenues beyond Improvement maintenance are added to your treasury. The amount of Taxes generated by the city is primarily determined by the amount of incoming Trade you have allocated to Taxes. This can be adjusted by pressing [Shift-T] or selecting the Change Tax Rate option from the Kingdom menu.

Tax revenues can also be increased through the construction of certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World, or by converting citizens into Colonial Administrators.

@@trade

Trade represents more than just the exchange of goods and cash between cities and military districts. Trade also represents the exchange of politico-military intelligence of your military district. The total amount of Trade produced by each city is represented by double-arrow icons displayed in the Resource Chart of the City Display. Trade is then broken down into three separate components: Taxes, Civil Goods, and Military Intelligence. The amount of Trade allocated to each of these areas is controlled by pressing [Shift-T] or selecting the Change Tax Rate option on the Kingdom menu.

Trade can be increased through the construction of certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World. It can also be increased through terrain improvements, particularly Light Rails.

@@trade Routes

There are neither trade routes nor caravans in El Aurens.

Guards are given the trade role, so that they cost no support.  For historical interest only, Civ2 commodities are given names of the various paramilitary organizations present in the theatre during the Great War.

@@veteran Units

One factor slowing the advance of the EEF was the inexperience of its troops.  Early in 1916, most of the EEF was composed of either new units or ones that had been decimated at Gallipoli.  Both had a high percentage of green troops.  Again in 1918, the EEF had a large component of green Indian recruits who had replaced veterans withdrawn to fill the gaps made by the Kaiserschlact in France.

According to the default Civ2 Civilopedia, units have a 50 percent chance of becoming Veterans each time they survive a combat encounter.  This seems high by a factor of at least 2.  

Scouts units built in an Allied city are Veterans.  These units have the spy role, and the Empire government is Civ2s Communism.  Guards built in Cairo have Veteran status, due to its Military Hospital improvement.  Initially Ottoman cities build Veteran units, including the ubiquitous Asiret Gnll, since they control the Mehmetiks Morale special objective (Sun Tzus War Academy).  It is located in Jerusalem.

The attack and defense factors of Veteran units is increased by 50 percent.

@@corruption and Waste
Although rebellion was not yet widespread in the Near East during the Great War, corruption was.  Many Allied cities are losing some of their Trade and Pickaxes to corruption and waste. Corruption is Trade income that is lost to theft, embezzlement, and other illegal practices. Waste is Pickaxe production that is lost to inefficiency. The farther a city is from your capital, the more corruption and waste it experiences. 

Corruption and waste is also inherit in the Empire system of government.  The COSMIC section of rules.txt sets corruption and waste under Empire to the equivalent experienced by a city 80 squares from the capital.  For this reason, the NATIVE COURT (Courthouse) IS VALUABLE.  It reduces both corruption and waste by 50 percent. 

@@unhappiness Due to Civ Size
Once you have built a certain number of cities, your citizens start to worry about your ability to effectively govern your military district. When this occurs, additional unhappy citizens appear in each city.

The number of cities you can build before causing additional unhappiness is based on a number of factors, including game difficulty level and government type. The number of cities is higher for more advanced governments and lower levels of difficulty.

@@combat Damage

El Aurens is packaged with an Excel/VBA program that calculates the *average* outcome of combat.  It is a useful tool based on 7 years of research compiled in the Combat section of the Apolyton Great Library.

Victorious units are usually damaged as a result of combat. In each successful round of attack, a unit inflicts an amount of damage equal to its Firepower rating.  The amount of damage a unit can sustain before it is destroyed is determined by multiplying the units Hit Point rating by ten.  

The approximate amount of damage a unit has sustained can be determined by the length and color of the units damage bar (the colored bar in the units key).  A green bar indicates that the unit has lost from 0 to 33 percent of its Hit Points, a yellow bar shows that the unit has lost from 34 to 66 percent, and a red bar indicates that it has lost 67 percent or more.

Damage also affects the movement of a unit.  The percentage of movement lost is equivalent to the percentage of Hit Points lost.  Sea units can never have their movement reduced below two.  The movement of air units is not affected by damage.

@@city Squares

The resources utilised by a city are not only generated in the squares surrounding the city: they are also generated by the city square itself. The city square generates all the resources normally produced by the Terrain type on which the city is built. In addition, the Terrain square occupied by the city is improved to the maximum extent possible. The city square automatically contains a Light Railway, which is upgraded to a Std Gge Rwy when the Trans-Sinai Railway is granted. The city square is also automatically irrigated or encamped, depending on the type of terrain. Finally, if the city is built on Terrain that normally produces no pickaxes, one pickaxe is automatically added to the other resources generated in the city square. These enhancements ensure that the city square produces the maximum amount of resources possible.

@@ How to Win
Select Campaign | Scenario Score from the menu,  or press [F9].

	Points are awarded or subtracted as follows:

  100 points per unit lost in combat
      +5 points per citizen
  +150 points per turn without conflict
  +100 points per Special Objective (Wonder)
+1000 pts for Victory in France (Civ2 Spaceship Reaches A. Centauri)
    +50 points per Supply Column Nx (i.e. Future Technology) 
    50 points per square of unrepaired sabotage
@@Combat Odds

El Aurens is packaged with an Excel/VBA program (CCPCalc) that calculates the *average* outcome of combat.  Based on 7 years of research compiled in the Combat section of the Apolyton Great Library, it is very useful for refining your tactics.

There are many unusual combinations of combat strengths in this scenario.  Eventually, you will gain an instinct about what is needed to win a battle, but the calculator will help you learn more quickly.

@@Combat in Palestine

Turkish Redoubt Systems and the EK Pascha II are very tough defenders.  Usually Siege Arty provides the only sure means to defeat them.  Attacking with weaker units usually backfires, unless Gaza with Mehmetiks Morale (Sun Tzu)  is under Allied control.  Otherwise any Turk unit that survives an attack becomes a veteran.

Turkish defenses were hard but brittle.  The front line often defended superbly.  When the front was pierced and Allied cavalry spilled into rear areas, the Turkish defense often disintegrated.  This almost happened in late 1917 following the fall of Beersheba.  In 1918, the Ottoman Army in Syria was destroyed.
					                 
This brittleness is simulated in El Aurens by making a city in the supply line of a front line unit the home city for that unit.  A useful tactic, then, involves breaking through the line at one point only, and subsequently capturing cities in the rear.  This eliminates most front line Redoubt Systems without engaging them.

                                                     ~~




@@bibliography (Nonfiction Books)
                                                 ________
                                                 Nonfiction
                                                 
Seven Pillars of Wisdom by T.E. Lawrence.  Anchor Books, New    
     York, 1991 (Reprint).
The Advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force Under the 
     Command of General Sir E.H.H. Allenby: July 1917 to October 
     1918 compiled from official sources.  The Naval & Military Press, 
     UK, 2003 (Reprint).
London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and 
     War, 1902-1922 by R. Adelson.  Yale Univ. Press, 1995.

					                 

A Military Atlas of the First World War by A. Banks.
     Pen and Sword Books, Barnsley, S. Yorkshire, 2001 (Reprint).
Empire On The Nile by M.W. Daly.   Cambridge Univ. Press, 
     Cambridge, 1987.  
The World War I Databook by J. Ellis.  Aurum Press, London, 1993.
Ordered to Die by Edward Erickson.  Greenwood Press, Westport, 
     CT, 2001.
A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the 
     Creation of the Modern Middle East by D. Fromkin.  First 
     Owl Books, New York, 2001 (Reprint).
					                 
Lawrence of Arabia by L. Hart.  Da Capo Press, New York, 
     1989 (Reprint).
Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East 1917-1919 by 
     M. Hughes.  Frank Cass, London, 1999.
Handbook of the Turkish Army (8th Provisional Edition, 
     February 1916) by the Intelligence Section, Cairo.  The Imperial 
     War Museum, London, 1996 (Reprint).
The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I volumes 1 & 2 by 
     P. Jung & D. Pavlovic.  Osprey Publishing, Botley, Oxford, 2003.
Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 
     1789-1923 by E. and I. Karsh.  Harvard Univ. Press, 1999.
					                 
The First World War by J. Keegan.  Alfred A. Knopf, New 
     York, 1998.
Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World by M. Macmillan.   
     Random House, New York, 2003 (Reprint).
Military Operations Egypt & Palestine: from the Outbreak of War 
     with Germany to June 1917 by G. MacMunn & C. Falls.  The 
     Imperial War Museum, London, 1996 (Reprint).
How Jerusalem was Won: Being the Record of Allenby`s Campaign 
     in Palestine by W.T. Massey.  Constable, London, 1919. 
The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai and Palestine by A.B. Moore.  
     Naval & Military Press, UK, 2003 (Reprint).  
					                 

The Italian Army of World War I by D. Nicolle and R. Ruggeri.
     Osprey Publishing, UK, 2003.
Lawrence and the Arab Revolts by D. Nicolle and R. Hook.
     Osprey Publishing, UK, 1989.
The Ottoman Army by D. Nicolle and R. Ruggeri.
     Osprey Publishing, UK, 1994.
Megiddo 1918: The Last Great Cavalry Charge by B. Perrett 
     & E. Dovey.  Osprey Publishing, UK, 1999.
War in the Garden of Eden by K. Roosevelt.  C. Scribners 
     Sons, New York, 1919.
					                 

Policing Islam: The British Occupation of Egypt and the Anglo-
     Egyptian Struggle over Control of the Police, 1882-1914 by 
     H. Tollefson.  Greenwood Press, Westport CT, 1999.
The German Army in World War I, volume 2 by Nigel Thomas & 
     Ramiro Bujeiro.  Osprey Publishing, UK, 2004.
The Western Desert of Egypt by C. Vivian.  The American 
     Univ. in Cairo Press, Cairo, 2000.
Desert Queen: the Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, 
     Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia by J. Wallach.
     Anchor Books, New York, 1996.
					                 
Gertrude Bell: A Biography by H.V.F. Winstone.  Barzan 
     Publishing, London, 2004 (Reprint).
The Illicit Adventure: The Story of Political and Military Intelligence 
     in the Middle East from 1898 to 1926 by H.V.F. Winstone.  
     Jonathan Cape, London, 1982.






@@bibliography (Articles and Fiction)

                                                   ______
                                                    Fiction
                                                   

A Sailor of Austria: In Which, Without Really Intending to, Otto Prohaska becomes Official War Hero No. 27 of the Habsburg Empire by John Biggins.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1994 (Reprint).

The Mamur Zapt & The Return of the Carpet by Michael Pearce.  Doubleday, New York, 2006.

					                 
                                                   ______
                                                   Articles
                                                   
Wavell on the Bull, Time Magazine, Apr 7, 1941 (www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,765415,00.html).

Armageddons Lost Lessons: Combined Arms Operations in Allenbys Palestine Campaign by Maj. Gregory Daddis, US Army (Air Command and Staff College, Wright Flyer Paper No. 20).  Air Univ. Press, Maxwell Air Force Base, AL, 2005 (www.au.af.mil/au/aul/aupress/////Wright_Flyers/Text/wf20.pdf).
					                 
The Rabegh crisis, 1916-17: a comparatively trivial question or a self-willed disaster by John Fisher, 2002, Middle Eastern Studies, 38(3):73-92.  

The Importance of T. E. Lawrence by David Fromkin, 1991, The New Criterion, 10(1) (www.newcriterion.com/archive/10/sept91/fromkin.htm).

Meccas Revolt Against the Turk by D.G. Hogarth, 1991, Journal of the TE Lawrence Society, I(1) (http://telsociety.org.uk/telsociety/journals/a1_1_5.htm).
					                 

The French Soldiers in the Arab Revolt by Christophe Leclerc, 1999, Journal of the TE Lawrence Society, IX(1) (http://telsociety.org.uk/telsociety/journals/a9_1.htm).

The Interplay between Technology, Tactics and Organisation in the First AIF by Ross Mallett, 1999, MA Thesis, Australian Defence Force Academy.



					                 

General Sir Edmund Allenbys Joint Operations in Palestine, 
1917-18 by John Mordike.  Air Power Development Centre Papers 
#6, August 2002 (www.defence.gov.au/Raaf/AirPower/
html/publications/papers/
apdc/apdc_06_joint_operations_in_palestine.pdf)

Lawrences Air Force by Peter Wright with Roger Bragger.  Cross & Cockade International, 2003, 34(2):116 (www.rogersstudy.co.uk/hejaz/tel_airforce/titlepage.html).

@@Combat in the Desert

The campaigns fought across the Near East spanned a wide spectrum of unit densities.  Companies often controlled large swathes in the remote Western Desert and Darfur.  At the other extreme, the Allies massed over 11 divisions in Palestine during their final offensive.  To simulate this diversity, units in El Aurens also span a wide spectrum of combat strengths.

In the deserts, several units possess a 0d strength, but these are not defenceless.  With 40-80 hit points each and firepower ranging from 4-9, these defenders will often yield a Pyrrhic victory, leaving the victor weakened, immobile, exposed, and vulnerable to counterattack.  
					                 
For example, an EA Infantry attacking an Ikhawan on average will win, but lose 6 hp, which will reduce its mf from 3 to 2.  If the EA Infantry used 1 mf during the march to battle, it wont have any remaining after its victory.

Other common characteristics of small desert units is high mobility and striking power.  This renders weakened units ending their turn in open desert even more vulnerable.

                                                     ~~

@@Darfur

Game play in the western section of The Sudan map simulates the campaign against Sultan ali Dinar in Darfur.  Units from Darfur FF (Field Force) and the Egyptian Army are available to reassert control of Darfur.  Fur Tribal Vols and Mujahid are a poor match defending against the heavier units of this force, but can be dangerous against overextended attackers left exposed in the open desert.  

Once you have control of Darfur, you will find a garrison is necessary to ward off frequent tribal raids.  A mobile reserve helps to nip these in the bud before they amass enough irregulars to mount a serious threat.
                                                     ~~
@@Disband

SCENARIO RULE N 1: Do not disband units.  Mostly the interface wont let you, but there are ways to get around it.  The rule sets up a restricted replacement paradigm.  

SCENARIO RULE N 2: Do not re-home units.

@@Impassable Terrain
Terrain		Mvt	Impassable

Baadiyah		2	yes
Arz		1	no
Kefr		0.33	no
Nahr		2	no
Raah		0.33	no
Koh		8	yes
Jhebel		3	no
Darb		0.33	yes
Kinaarah		3	yes
Sabkha		8	yes
					                 
Units That Can Neither Enter Nor Attack Impassable Terrain

 Allies:
     Territorials, Infantry (1917), IA Recruits, IA Regulars, 
     Tirailleurs, Judeans, Garrison Bn, Naval Inf, Siege Arty, 
     Mountain Arty, Light Horse, NZ Mtd Rifles, Yeomanry, 
     IA Lancers, AutoMG, Mark IV Tanks
 Turks:			
     Mstahfiz, Dmdar Kolu, EK Pascha I, Redoubt System, 
     Syrians, Anatolians, EK Pascha II, Sturmtruppen, Mtd 
     Infantry, Svari, Feldhaubitz, Gebirgshaubitz, Pzkw MG Zug
					                 
Units That Can Neither Enter Nor Attack Impassable Terrain

 Others:
     UBoat, Agordat CC Bn, AutoMG, Mujahid, Muhafizia


All other units may enter and attack impassable terrain.  

Two unit types represent truly impassable terrain: Boundary and Terrain.  These block movement and are invincible.
                                                     ~~
@@Maps
El Aurens plays across 4 maps, which you can view by clicking the + or  icons on the thumbnail map.
 
  Near East Theatre  Most play occurs on this map, which depicts 
    a region spanning Egypt and Asia Minor.  
  The Sudan  A minor campaign to subdue the Sultan of Darfur 
    plays here.  It is also a conduit between Egypt and Arabia.

  Order of Battle  More an organisational table than a map, the 
    cities located here are the source of most Allied reinforcements.  
  Arab Tribes  Eleven tribes are depicted as cities that produce 
    Bedouins units to reinforce the Arab Revolt.
@@Moving between Maps
Units can move between maps using two methods:

  Squares with the ToT transporter terrain are usually contain an 
    anchor or the Scenario League star emblem.  On the status panel, 
    these symbols are denoted with Type n to go to another map.  
    Many, but not all units can move between maps at no extra cost via 
    these squares.  There is no throughput restriction, but often the 
    transfer is allowed to go only in one direction.
  Wadi Halfa (55,113 in Near East Theatre) and Khartoum (49,93 in 
    The Sudan) build the Thos Cook Steamers (transporter)
    improvement.  Once complete, a single unit can move between 
    these cities per turn at no extra cost.
					                 
A few unit types (Camel Cps Coy, EA Infantry, Camel Arty, Scouts) can move from Egypt to Arabia using the following sequence:
  Move from Wadi Halfa to Khartoum by Cook Steamer.
  Move by railway to Port Sudan, and type n to hop to 85,115 on the 
    Near East map.
  Move by ship to Arabia.

                                                     ~~



@@Reinforcements Built in Cities
Unit		City		Map

Guard		Any		Any
Scouts		Any		Order of Battle
Bedouins		Any		Arab Tribes
RE/Works Coy	Rwy Op Div/EEF	Order of Battle
Garrison Bn	LoC Defence	Order of Battle
Camel Cps Bn	Imperial Mtd	Order of Battle
EA Infantry	Darfur FF		Order of Battle
EA Infantry	Egyptian Army	Order of Battle
Gunboat		AN Div de Syrie	Order of Battle
DD Flotilla	AN Div de Syrie	Order of Battle
					                 

Unit		City		Map

Cruiser Flot	AN Div de Syrie	Order of Battle
Transports		AN Div de Syrie	Order of Battle


                                                     ~~



@@Reinforcements from Events
Unit		Parent		Trigger
				* = City Improvement

4QF 3 20cwt AA	GHQ Troops	RFC Upgrades
4QF 3 20cwt AA	AA Group/RA	40th Army Wing
2Mountain Arty	Desert Mtd Cps	EEF Eastern Force
1RE/Works Coy	Rwy Op Div/EEF	Dir of Labour
1Siege Arty	Independent	EEF Eastern Force
1Siege Arty	XX Corps		*ASC Artillery Park
3Siege Arty	XXI Corps		*ASC Artillery Park
2Siege Arty	XX Corps		*Adv Ordnance Stores
2Siege Arty	XXI Corps		*Adv Ordnance Stores
					                 
1Mark IV Tanks	Det E/Tank Cps	E Tank Company
1Light Horse	Australian Mtd	4th Lt Horse Bde
1Yeomanry	Yeomanry Mtd	Desert Mtd Corps
1Yeomanry	7 Mtd Bde		Desert Mtd Corps
3IA Lancers	1 Mtd Div (I)	12 Mtd Divs
2IA Lancers	2 Mtd Div (I)	12 Mtd Divs
1IA Lancers	IS Cav Bde		*Indian Base Dept
3Territorials	10 Irish (NA)	The Bull
3Territorials	42 E Lanc (TF)	*British Base Dept
3Territorials	52 Lowland (TF)	*British Base Dept
3Territorials	60 London (TF)	60th London
					                 
3Territorials	75 Inf (TF)		75th Infantry
3IA Recruits	3 Lahore		LahoreMeerut Divs
2IA Recruits	7 Meerut		LahoreMeerut Divs
3IA Recruits	10 Irish (I)		Indianised Divs
3IA Recruits	53 Welsh (I)	Indianised Divs
3IA Recruits	60 London (I)	Indianised Divs
3IA Recruits	75 Inf (I)		Indianised Divs
1Judeans		Royal Fusiliers	Jewish Legion
3Tirailleurs	DF de Palestine	*Sykes-Picot Agreemt
1AutoMG	CSI Cirenaica	CSIC near Bardia
2Garrison Bn	CSI Cirenaica	CSIC near Bardia
					                 
1Recce		AFC 1 Sqn		*ANZAC Base Dept
1Recce Bomber	14 Sqn (1917)	*Palestine Bde HQ
1Scout Fighter	111 Sqn		*Palestine Bde HQ
1Recce Bomber	113 Sqn		*Palestine Bde HQ
1Recce Bomber	142 Sqn		40th Army Wing
1Recce Bomber	144 Sqn		40th Army Wing
1Scout Fighter	145 Sqn		40th Army Wing
1Ford Lt Cars	Western Force	*ASC MT Workshop
3Ford Lt Cars	Southern Force	*Egyptian Base Dept
3Ford Lt Cars	Independent	Lt Car Patrols
2Gunboat Flot	Red Sea Patrol	An Arab Revolt
					                 
1Naval Inf	Red Sea Patrol	An Arab Revolt
1Feisal		Sharifians		An Arab Revolt
3Ibn Hussein	Sharifians		An Arab Revolt
1EA Camel Cps	S Hejaz Mission	S Hejaz Mission
1Camel Arty	S Hejaz Mission	S Hejaz Mission
1RFC Flight	Arabian Det 14C	S Hejaz Mission
1Rolls Royce AC	Hejaz AC Bty	N Hejaz Mission
1Camel Cps Bn	N Hejaz Mission	N Hejaz Mission
1Gurkhas		N Hejaz Mission	N Hejaz Mission
1Camel Arty	MM au Hedjaz	N Hejaz Mission
1RFC Flight	X Flight		N Hejaz Mission
					                 
1Agayl Camelry	Sharifians		Meccas Capture
Lawrence		Independent	Audas Irregulars
1Auda		Howeitat Bedu	Audas Irregulars
1Agayl Camelry	Independent	Audas Irregulars
1EA Infantry	Independent	Akabas Capture
3Arab Regs	N Arab Army	Reg Arab Army
1Camel Arty	N Arab Army	Reg Arab Army
1Camel Arty	S Arab Army	Reg Arab Army
1Camel Arty	MM au Hedjaz	Reg Arab Army
1Camel Arty	E Arab Army	Reg Arab Army
1Agayl Camelry	Independent	Reg Arab Army
					                 
3Rolls Royce AC	LAC Bde/MEF	Euphrates Force
1IA Lancers	11 Ind Cav Bde	Euphrates Force
1IA Regulars	15 Indian		Euphrates Force
2IA Recruits	15 Indian		Euphrates Force

	W.O. request or improvement that triggers a reinforcement.
 	W.O. request that is required for a city improvement.
	W.O. request that enables a field upgrade


                                                     ~~
@@Replacements

Cities on the Order of Battle map, which represent parent military units, are set to build the primary unit type of the parent.  For example, since it represents a British infantry division, the 53rd Welsh (TF) city builds the Territorials unit type.  This should not be changed.  

Most of these cities have a building capacity of 0.  If one of its supported units is eliminated, then the capacity increases by one, allowing you to build the unit.  In effect you are building a replacement.  Rush-building is allowed.  If you build beyond the capacity of a city, then some units become unsupported and will be eliminated.  Re-homing is not allowed.
					                 
Air units are replaced in a slightly different manner.  If a Recce, Recce Bomber, or Scout Fighter is eliminated through combat, the building capacity of the Palestine Bde, which is set to build Recce units, is increased to 1.  This enables you to replace a single loss.  Subsequent losses can not be replaced.  

Western Force on the Order of Battle has a building capacity of 1 at the start of the scenario.  Building the ASC MT Workshop creates a Ford Lt Cars homed to Western Force, reducing its building capacity to 0.  If you rush-build a Ford Lt Cars unit early in the game, and build the ASC MT Workshop, then one of the new Ford Lt Cars will be 
					                 
eliminated through lack of support.

The same holds true for Rwy Op Div/EEF.   It has the capacity to build a single new RE/Works Coy.  When the W.O. grants the Dir of Labour, a new RE/Works Coy, homed to this city, is created, reducing its building capacity to 0.  

Since Bedouin, Scouts, and Guards require no support, a city can support an unlimited number of these units.

                                                     ~~
@@Sabotage
Sabotage in El Aurens uses the Civ2 Pollution concept.  Most Sabotage is generated around high production cities where targets abound.  Cairo alone is prone to population-based sabotage, but little can be done to reduce it further.  Just dont sell the Police Commandant, or you will face a lot more sabotage.

The probability of production-based Sabotage is significantly reduced in cities with Provost Cps Det.  It is also somewhat lessened by the ANZAC Base Dept and Egyptian Base Dept improvements.  The British Base Dept reduces the probability to 0.

Cities with a Egyptian Base Dept that revolt face a major rebellion.  
					                 
Multiple acts of sabotage accompany the revolt (as does a waving flag of the Egyptian Wafd Revolutiontry it sometime).

To see whether a city faces a potential Sabotage problem, look for Egyptian revolutionary banners of 1919 in the Information Box of the City Display. The number of flags shown indicates the probability that an act of sabotage will occur within the city radius. 

RE/Engineers can repair Sabotage by moving into the damaged square and pressing the [p] key.
                                                     ~~
@@Sanussis

Playing against the Sanussis involves balance.  Initially, you need to deploy an ounce of prevention, small garrisons, to prevent the Sanussis from capturing several desert oases and cities on the upper Nile.  Otherwise, it will take a pound of cure to recapture fallen cities.  A few cities, however, are extremely difficult to defend.  It may be prudent to avoid losses and evacuate your most exposed cities.

You can mount a counterattack very early in the game.  There are several hidden Adwar Camps that can hinder your initial advance toward Sollum.  These should be attacked with some caution.

					                 
The ultimate objectives in the Western Desert are Bir Hakim with its POW Camp and Siwa Oasis.  There is a drought in the area of Bir Hakim.  If you wait too long, the POWs may die (i.e. Bir Hakim reduces to size 1 before capture).  The strongholds of Jaghbub and Jalo are almost invincible to troops capable of crossing the desert.

Once Siwa is recaptured, the Sanussi threat evaporates, but garrisons are still advisable, for there are frequent tribal raids.  

                                                     ~~

@@Sealift

In El Aurens, the Allies have a limited ability to ship land units between ports with the Port of Transit improvement (Civ2 Airport).  These troop transfers are subject to enemy naval interception.  Both U-Boat and Pascha FA units can intercept and sink Allied troop convoys to ports within their range.

In addition, Gunboat Flot and Transports units have holds for ground units.	

                                                     ~~
@@Sending Labourers to France
El Aurens v2 uses the Civ2 space ship unconventionally.  
Civ2 Term		Name in El Aurens	Number

Spaceship		Labourer Transfers to France	
SS Structural	Labour Corps Companies	29
SS Component	Labour Corps Double Companies	14
 Fuel		 Quarrying		  7
 Propulsion	 Transport			  7
SS Module	Escort Flotilla			  3
 Habitat		 Royal Navy		  1
 Life Support	 Arme Navale		  1
 Solar Panel	 Teikoku Kaigun		  1
					                 
You can make this Transfer as listed above as follows: 

N  Transfer Unit		Means

29  Labour Corps Coy		Build in cities
  6  Labour Corps 2 Coy	Present at start
  8  Labour Corps 2 Coy	Get WF Withdrawal Order
  2  Escort Flotilla		Get IJN Med Sqn
  1  Escort Flotilla		Rush-build in Convoy Section


					                 
    Send the transfers in April, 1918.  This gives armies in France enough labour support to enable offensives that cause Germanys collapse in December.  The arrival date represents the date of Germanys surrender.  
    In short, this simulates meeting Army Service Corps quotas for Egyptian labourers during 1917-8.  To make the quota causes a significant diversion of resources in Egypt away from the local campaigns.  
    The scenario can end one of two ways: the collapse of Germany (i.e. spaceship lands on Alpha Centauri) or the collapse of Turkey, which occurs in December, 1918 (Turkey actually surrendered in 
					                 
October, but the Allies continued to advance into Ottoman territory after the armistice).  No more scoring can occur following one of these events.  

So, although it is possible to send (launch) the transfers sooner, doing so will hinder your ability to score the maximum points.  Sending too late (May, 1918 or later) will fail to cause the collapse of Germany before the end of the scenario.

The player scores 1,000 points by landing on Alpha Centauri.  
                                                     ~~
@@Arab Revolt
The Arab Revolt in El Aurens is an unusual mini-campaign characterized by bursts of conquest interspersed with periods of minor raiding.  Irregular Arab units can make the final drive through Syria considerably easier for the EEF.

The historical revolt followed the follows this sequence:
 Complete Hussein-McMahon Ltrs
 Request An Arab Revolt
 Capture Rabegh, Jiddah, & Yanbo to recruit Bedouins
 Capture Wejh to create Lawrence
 Request Audas Irregulars
 Capture Akaba
					                 
			Tips
    The revolt starts with the four sons of Hussein leading bands to 
capture seven cities in the Hejaz (SE section of the Near East Theatre).  This makes it possible to press up the coast to Wejh.  Capturing this port expands the scope of the revolt.  
    As you capture cities, Bedouin tribes will join the revolt.  Cities build Bedouins on the Arab Tribes map, but these units cannot enter the Near East map until gateway cities are captured.  These are usually listed directly on the Arab Tribes map with yellow labels.
    As the revolt expands, Akaba becomes a viable target.  By late 1918, you should be able to support the EEF as it attacks out of Palestine.
					                 
You can reinforce the revolt in many ways:
 Transfer Egyptian Army units across the Red Sea
 Request units from the W.O.
	 S Hejaz Mission
	 N Hejaz Mission
	 Audas Irregulars
	 Reg Arab Army
 Capture Mecca, Wejh, and Akaba.
 Rush-build Bedouins on the Arab Tribes map
 Bribe Turk units (Mtd Infantry and Arab Camel Cps)
 Attract Bedouins to the revolt by raiding Hejaz Rwy Stns
					                 
Performing all of these feats may not be necessary to win.  In fact, it may divert funds from other more important objectives.

Bedouins are very useful because they can bribe or ambush Turks.  They are also highly vulnerable, but not considered an important target by the AI.

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@@U-Boats

There are two types of U-Boats in El Aurensboth are unusual.
 U-Boat: 
	 Invisible until attack; 
	 Can bombard cities;
	 Can freely enter and leave the Near East Theatre map.
 UBoat: 
	 Submarine (Civ2 flag);
	 Cannot bombard cities;
	 Missile unit;
                                                     ~~	
@This must be here to terminate search!!!

